Mild fetal hydronephrosis indicating vesicoureteric reflux.

Sonographic Diagnosis of Urethral Anomalies in Infants

“…14 Vesicoureteral reflux is report-ed to be associated with (mostly mild) HN in up to 27%, with, however, a debatable impact on clinical treatment because most cases of VUR diminish spontaneously. [15][16][17][18] New insights on the pathophysiologic mechanisms and natural course of VUR as well as the recognition of a high spontaneous resolution rate of even high-grade neonatal VUR have caused an ongoing discussion on the indications for VCUG in these infants and have revealed new aspects in clinical treatment. [16][17][18] Thus, suggestions for an imaging algorithm in infants with low to moderate HN are changing and vary with local circumstances.…”

“…Urethral sonography was performed with a range of high-resolution linear and curved linear multifrequency transducers (8)(9)(10)(11)(12)(13)(14)(15) and an Acuson Sequoia 512 scanner (Siemens Medical Solutions, Mountain View, CA). After a conventional thorough evaluation of the entire UT in physiologic hydration, the transducer was placed on the perineum at its midline between the patient's anus and scrotum or labia for additional perineal evaluation of the urethra ( Figure 2).…”

Isolated minimal renal pelvic dilatation detected antenatally in a non‐tertiary setting is an uncommon predictor of significant vesicoureteric reflux

“…Several studies have found the reflux detected postnatally on MCU to be in the contralateral kidney to the side of the dilatation detected antenatally in a significant proportion of cases. 4,24,25 A marked lack of correlation between unilateral RPD and ipsilateral VUR has also been found in older children (mean age 4.2 years) having a renal ultrasound and MCU on the same day. 26 This may be in part due to the fickle nature of vesicoureteric reflux.…”

Medical management of congenital anomalies of the kidney and urinary tract

“…Ultrasound examination of the urinary tract is not a reliable method for examining ureteric reflux. 43,44 However, the scanning during voiding (voiding ultrasonography) is a useful, non-invasive method for diagnosis of vesicoureteral reflux in newborn babies, infants and children. [45][46][47] The method includes confirmation that the bladder is filled with urine, induction of voiding by applying rhythmic pressure on the lower abdomen of the baby with an ultrasound probe, and scanning the bladder, distal portions of ureters and both pelvises before and during voiding.…”