Mild cognitive impairment<sup>1</sup>– a review of prevalence, incidence and outcome according to current approaches

Bischkopf, Jeannette; Busse, Anja; Angermeyer, Matthias C.

doi:10.1034/j.1600-0447.2002.01417.x

Cited by 219 publications

(183 citation statements)

References 88 publications

(176 reference statements)

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“…Although there is not full consensus on the definition of a low memory score (Bennett, 2003;Dubois et al, 2007;Luis et al, 2003), many clinicians and researchers consider an age-and educationadjusted score that is at least 1.5 standard deviations (SDs) below the mean to be unusually low and sufficient to meet psychometric criteria for amnestic MCI (see two recent consensus papers: Gauthier et al, 2006;Portet et al, 2006). There has been consistent evidence that individuals with amnestic MCI (i.e., both single and multiple domain amnestic MCI) are at a significantly higher risk of progressing to dementia (10-15% per annum) than those with normal cognitive functioning (Bennett, 2003;Bischkopf et al, 2002;Bruscoli & Lovestone, 2004;DeCarli, 2003;Luis et al, 2003;Modrego, 2006;Panza et al, 2005;Shah et al, 2000;Smith et al, 2006;Tuokko & Frerichs, 2000). However, MCI remains a challenging entity to define and provide prognosis for on an individual basis.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Potential for misclassification of mild cognitive impairment: A study of memory scores on the Wechsler Memory Scale-III in healthy older adults

Brooks

Iverson

Holdnack³

et al. 2008

J Inter Neuropsych Soc

144

142

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The psychometric criterion of mild cognitive impairment (MCI) generally involves having an unusually low score on memory testing (i.e., 21.5 SDs). However, healthy older adults can obtain low scores, particularly when multiple memory measures are administered. In turn, there is a substantial risk of psychometrically misclassifying MCI in healthy older adults. This study examined the base rates of low memory scores in older adults (55-87 years; n 5 550) from the Wechsler Memory Scale-Third Edition (WMS-III; Wechsler, 1997b) standardization sample. The WMS-III consists of four co-normed episodic memory tests (i.e., Logical Memory, Faces, Verbal Paired Associates, and Family Pictures) that yield eight age-and demographically-adjusted standard scores (Auditory Recognition and Working Memory tests not included). When the eight age-adjusted scores were examined simultaneously, 26% of older adults had one or more scores at or below the 5th percentile (i.e., 21.5 SDs). On the eight demographicallyadjusted scores, 39% had at least one score at or below the 5th percentile. There was an inverse relationship between intellectual abilities and prevalence of low memory scores, particularly with the age-adjusted WMS-III scores. Understanding the base rates of low scores can reduce the overinterpretation of low memory scores and minimize false-positive misclassification. (JINS, 2008, 14, 463-478.)

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Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Potential for misclassification of mild cognitive impairment: A study of memory scores on the Wechsler Memory Scale-III in healthy older adults

Brooks

Iverson

Holdnack³

et al. 2008

J Inter Neuropsych Soc

144

142

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“…The average incidence rate of mild cognitive impairment (MCI) is 12-15 per 1,000 person years in persons aged 65 and older [2]. The conversion rate from MCI to dementia is 14 % annually [30].…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Cognitive function is associated with impaired heart rate variability in ageing adults: the Irish longitudinal study on ageing wave one results

Frewen¹,

Finucane

Savva³

et al. 2013

Clin Auton Res

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ObjectiveTo examine the independent association between heart rate variability (HRV) and cognitive performance, in a nationally representative population study of older adults. MethodsCross--sectional analysis of wave 1 data from the Irish longitudinal study on ageing (TILDA) was performed. A subset of 4,763 participants who underwent ECG recording during resting and paced breathing periods were used for the analysis. HRV indices were divided into quintiles for comparison of values and cognitive performance was defined using the Montreal cognitive assessment (MOCA) score. Multivariate linear regression was used to model the association between cognition and different quintiles of each HRV index, after adjustment for covariates. ResultsThe mean age was 61.7 ± 8.3 years and 2,618 (55 %) were female. Lower quintiles of SDNN (P = 0.01--paced), LF (P = 0.001--paced), and LF:HF ratio (P = 0.049--paced) were significantly associated with lower MOCA scores (during both recording periods), independent of confounders. Sub--domains of MOCA responsible for the relationship were predominantly memory recall and language. InterpretationReduced HRV is significantly associated with lower cognitive performance at a population level in people aged 50 and older. This further strengthens the relationship between autonomic dysfunction and cognitive disorders.

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“…Memory problems, for example, may begin as early as age 30 and, on the average, worsen slowly but steadily thereafter (1). Most older adults experience nonpathological losses in cognitive function, frequently called ''age-related cognitive decline'' (ARCD) (2)(3)(4); however, there is considerable interindividual variability in the age of onset and the course of memory or other cognitive loss (5,6). Although ARCD does not profoundly affect real-world function, even modest reductions in cognitive function negatively impact the quality of life, independence, frequency and quality of social interaction, and engagement in cognitively stimulating activities in older adults.…”

mentioning

confidence: 99%

Memory enhancement in healthy older adults using a brain plasticity-based training program: A randomized, controlled study

Mahncke

Connor

Appelman

et al. 2006

Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. U.S.A.

586

494

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Normal aging is associated with progressive functional losses in perception, cognition, and memory. Although the root causes of age-related cognitive decline are incompletely understood, psychophysical and neuropsychological evidence suggests that a significant contribution stems from poorer signal-to-noise conditions and down-regulated neuromodulatory system function in older brains. Because the brain retains a lifelong capacity for plasticity and adaptive reorganization, dimensions of negative reorganization should be at least partially reversible through the use of an appropriately designed training program. We report here results from such a training program targeting age-related cognitive decline. Data from a randomized, controlled trial using standardized measures of neuropsychological function as outcomes are presented. Significant improvements in assessments directly related to the training tasks and significant generalization of improvements to nonrelated standardized neuropsychological measures of memory (effect size of 0.25) were documented in the group using the training program. Memory enhancement appeared to be sustained after a 3-month no-contact follow-up period. Matched active control and no-contact control groups showed no significant change in memory function after training or at the 3-month follow-up. This study demonstrates that intensive, plasticity-engaging training can result in an enhancement of cognitive function in normal mature adults.age-related cognitive decline ͉ cognitive aging ͉ cognitive rehabilitation ͉ computer-based training

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Mild cognitive impairment¹– a review of prevalence, incidence and outcome according to current approaches

Abstract: As there is no construct to date that pools all efforts of defining mild cognitive impairment, the review provides suggestions for an agreement on constructive terminology and research practice.

Cited by 219 publications

References 88 publications

Potential for misclassification of mild cognitive impairment: A study of memory scores on the Wechsler Memory Scale-III in healthy older adults

Potential for misclassification of mild cognitive impairment: A study of memory scores on the Wechsler Memory Scale-III in healthy older adults

Cognitive function is associated with impaired heart rate variability in ageing adults: the Irish longitudinal study on ageing wave one results

Memory enhancement in healthy older adults using a brain plasticity-based training program: A randomized, controlled study

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Mild cognitive impairment1– a review of prevalence, incidence and outcome according to current approaches

Abstract: As there is no construct to date that pools all efforts of defining mild cognitive impairment, the review provides suggestions for an agreement on constructive terminology and research practice.

Cited by 219 publications

References 88 publications

Potential for misclassification of mild cognitive impairment: A study of memory scores on the Wechsler Memory Scale-III in healthy older adults

Potential for misclassification of mild cognitive impairment: A study of memory scores on the Wechsler Memory Scale-III in healthy older adults

Cognitive function is associated with impaired heart rate variability in ageing adults: the Irish longitudinal study on ageing wave one results

Memory enhancement in healthy older adults using a brain plasticity-based training program: A randomized, controlled study

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Mild cognitive impairment¹– a review of prevalence, incidence and outcome according to current approaches