“…Several methods for synthesizing tetrahydrobenzo[ b ]pyran scaffolds with MCRs in the presence of various catalysts have been published. For example, CaHPO 4 ( Bodaghifard et al, 2016 ), SiO 2 NPs ( Banerjee et al, 2011 ), ethylenediamine diacetate ( Zhou et al, 2017 ), silica-bonded N-propylpiperazine sodium n-propionate ( Niknam et al, 2013 ), I 2 ( Bhosale et al, 2007 ), NH 4 Al(SO 4 ) 2 .12H 2 O ( Mohammadi et al, 2017 ), NH 4 H 2 PO 4 /Al 2 O 3 ( Maleki and Sedigh Ashrafi, 2014 ), ACoPc-MNPs ( Zolfigol et al, 2016 ), ZnO NPs ( Banerjee and Saha, 2013 ), Fe 3 O 4 @SiO 2 -imid-PMA ( Esmaeilpour et al, 2015 ), NiFe 2 O 4 @SiO 2 –H 3 PW 12 O 40 ( Maleki et al, 2016 ), theophylline ( Mohamadpour, 2021c ), triethanolamine ( Rahnamaf et al, 2020 ), sodium alginate ( Mohamadpour, 2022a ), Fe 3 O 4 @SiO 2 @TiO 2 ( Khazaei et al, 2015 ), MgFe 2 O 4 nanoparticles ( Eshtehardian et al, 2020 ), trichloroisocyanuric acid ( Hojati et al, 2018 ), Na2 eosin Y ( Mohamadpour, 2021d ), DABCO ( Tahmassebi et al, 2011 ), and Pd nanoparticles ( Saha and Pal, 2012 ). There are limitations on metal catalysts such as, expensive reagents, severe reaction conditions, monotonous yields, environmental hazards, workup processes, and long reaction times associated with these methods.…”