Migratory birds travelling to Bangladesh are potential carriers of multi-drug resistant Enterococcus spp., Salmonella spp., and Vibrio spp.

Abstract

Antimicrobial resistance (AMR) is a major health crisis globally. Migratory birds could be a potential source for antibiotic resistant (ABR) bacteria. Not much is known about their role in the transmission of ABR in Bangladesh. In this study, a total of 66 freshly dropped fecal materials of migratory birds were analyzed. Bacterial isolation and identification were based on cultural properties, biochemical tests, and polymerase chain reaction (PCR). The disk diffusion method was employed to evaluate antibiogram profiles. By PCR, out of 66 samples, the detection rate of Enterococcus spp. (60.61%; 95% confidence interval: 48.55–71.50%) was found significantly higher than Salmonella spp. (21.21%; 95% CI: 13.08–32.51%) and Vibrio spp. (39.40%; 95% CI: 28.50–51.45%). Enterococcus isolates were frequently found resistant (100–40%) to ampicillin, streptomycin, meropenem, erythromycin, and gentamicin; Salmonella isolates were frequently resistant (72–43%) to chloramphenicol, tetracycline, ampicillin, streptomycin, and erythromycin; and Vibrio spp. isolates were frequently resistant (77–31%) to vancomycin, ampicillin, erythromycin, tetracycline, and streptomycin. In addition, 60% (95% CI: 44.60–73.65%) Enterococcus spp., 85.71% (95% CI: 60.06–97.46%) Salmonella spp., and 76.92% (95% CI: 57.95–88.97%) Vibrio spp. isolates were multi-drug resistant (MDR) in nature. Three isolates (one from each bacterium) were found resistant against six classes of antibiotics. The bivariate analysis revealed strong associations (both positive and negative) between several antibiotic pairs which were resistant to isolated organisms. To the best of our knowledge, this is the first study in detecting MDR Enterococcus spp., Salmonella spp., and Vibrio spp. from migratory birds travelling to Bangladesh. Frequent detection of MDR bacteria from migratory birds travelling to Bangladesh suggests that these birds have the potential to carry and spread ABR bacteria and could implicate potential risks to public health. We recommend that these birds should be kept under an AMR surveillance program to minimize the potential risk of contamination of the environment with ABR as well as to reduce their hazardous impacts on health.

Molecular detection of Vibrio cholerae and Vibrio parahaemolyticus from healthy broilers and backyard chickens for the first time in Bangladesh- A preliminary study

“…Antibiotic resistance is increasing that exposes Vibrio spp. as a potentially deadly infection (Islam et al, 2021c). It is quite concerning that 50% of Vibrio spp., isolated from both broiler and backyard chickens were resistant to tetracycline, indicating a harmful influence on healthcare systems.…”

Phenotypic and Genotypic Characteristics of Antimicrobial Resistance in Citrobacter freundii Isolated from Domestic Ducks (Anas platyrhynchos domesticus) in Bangladesh

“…targeting a 16S rRNA gene (F: AGAGTTTGATCMTGGCTCAG, R: TACGGYTACCTTGTTACGACTT) as previously mentioned [ 51 ]. For PCR, the DNA from the bacterial genome was extracted by following the boiling and freeze–thawing methods described earlier [ 52 , 53 ]. Each extracted DNA was then amplified using a total of 20 µL of the final volume, including 10 µL of the master mix (2×) (Promega, Madison, WI, USA), 1 µL of each primer (forward and reverse) (100 pmol) (Macrogen, Republic of Korea), 2 µL of nuclease-free water, and 6 µL of genomic DNA.…”

A Comprehensive Review on Bacterial Vaccines Combating Antimicrobial Resistance in Poultry

“…However, their widespread use has led to the development of antibiotic resistance, which is one of the most significant threats to global public health today [ 16 , 17 ]. The following are some ways in which antibiotics contribute to the development of antimicrobial resistance [ 18 , 19 , 20 , 21 , 22 ]: Overuse and misuse of antibiotics: Overuse and misuse of antibiotics are the primary causes of antibiotic resistance. Antibiotics are often prescribed for viral infections that they cannot cure, leading to unnecessary exposure to antibiotics, and making it easier for bacteria to develop resistance.…”