Migration of Warble Fly Larvae in the Yak and Optimum Timing of Ivermectin Treatment

Wei, Li; Nasu, Tetsuo; You-quan, MA; Zhu, Xiyan; Wanng, Weijung; Song, Ran; Makimura, Susumu

doi:10.1292/jvms.66.891

Cited by 5 publications

(8 citation statements)

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“…Concerning the chronology of the biological life cycle of H. sinense , the finding of larvae in December confirms that larval migration, in Tibetan regions, occurs during the winter season ( Li et al , 2004c ). These data are supported by a recent sero-epidemiological survey which demonstrated that the kinetics of anti-Hypoderma antibodies in yaks and cattle were elevated from October to December, coinciding with the migration of L1 ( Guan et al , 2005 ).…”

Section: Discussionsupporting

confidence: 71%

“…L1 in the host body is important not only from a biological standpoint but, more practically, because of the different impact of these species on animal welfare and health: if treatments are not carried out promptly, when L1 are still in the perirachidian channel or in the oesophagus, paralysis of the hind quarters or oesophagitis and bloat infection may occur (Losson et al , 1998). Concurrent infestations with up to three species of Hypoderma can occur in yaks, leading to difficulties in diagnosis and timing of treatment options (Li et al , 2004c). Although only H. sinense has been identified in the present work (by contrast with other investigations: Yin et al , 2003), the occurrence of mixed infections with up to three species of Hypoderma is unquestionable.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

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First description of the endogenous life cycle of Hypoderma sinense affecting yaks and cattle in China

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Paradies

Testini

et al. 2006

Medical Vet Entomology

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Larvae belonging to five species of Hypoderma spp. (Diptera, Oestridae) cause myiasis in wild and domestic ruminants that is characterized by migrations within deep tissues. In China hypodermosis is one of the most important arthropod diseases affecting ruminants and, moreover, represents a significant zoonosis, with numerous reports of Hypoderma spp. affecting farmers. Recently, a sixth species, Hypoderma sinense Pleske, has been rediscovered but the endogenous migration pathway within the host body is completely unknown and it represents a major constraint for the control of larval infection. In December 2003 a total of 165 larval stages of Hypoderma spp. were collected from different anatomical sites of 40 yaks slaughtered at an abattoir in the province of Gansu, China. The morphological characters and size of the recovered larvae were used to infer migratory routes and 45 specimens were also subjected to a polymerase chain reaction (PCR) assay of cox1 mtDNA and amplicons sequenced. All the larvae molecularly processed were identified as H. sinense and sequence identity was confirmed by a PCR-restriction fragment length polymorphism (PCR-RFLP) tool carried out using BfaI and HinfI endonucleases. The finding of H. sinense larvae only in the oesophagus or both in oesophagus and subcutaneous tissue of 12 and 15 animals, respectively, indicates that H. sinense larvae migrate through the oesophagus similarly to Hypoderma lineatum (De Villers). The description of the endogenous life cycle of H. sinense will help to determine the timing of specific treatment programmes to guarantee the improvement of animal welfare and health, thus resulting in an increase in livestock production in China.

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Section: Discussionsupporting

confidence: 71%

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

First description of the endogenous life cycle of Hypoderma sinense affecting yaks and cattle in China

Otranto

Paradies

Testini

et al. 2006

Medical Vet Entomology

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“…It has been reported that the 1st instar larvae of H. lineatum and H. sinense parasitized in the esophagus and those of H. bovis in the epidural fat of the spinal canal [2, 4, 15, 21]. However, as observed in our previous study [13], a large proportion of 1st instar larvae were found not only in the esophagus but also in the rumen. Moreover, the larvae were detected in other organs in late summer to early autumn (August and September).…”

Section: Discussionsupporting

confidence: 51%

“…The timing of the ivermectin administration was chosen based on our previous research that showed that administration in October resulted in complete elimination of the larvae from yaks, but that administration in September or November resulted in incomplete elimination [13]. …”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…Moreover, infection in humans, especially in nomads who have regular contact with yaks, has been frequently recognized [24]. We previously conducted a preliminary control study in Qinghai province to compare the effect of ivermectin administration (500 µ g/kg body weight) to yaks in different months and found that treatment of yaks in October was most effective [13]. …”

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An Epidemiological Study of <i>Hypoderma</i> Infection and Control Using Ivermectin in Yaks in Qinghai Province, China

Ding

et al. 2014

The Journal of Veterinary Medical Science

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The prevalence of Hypoderma spp. in yaks grazed in the east of Qinghai province was investigated in 2008. In this area, the prevalence in young yaks (1- to 3-year-old) was very high at 82.2–98.7%, whilst in adult yaks (4-year-old and older), the prevalence was 42.4–50.6%. The seasonal development and migration pattern of Hypoderma larvae in yak bodies was found to be similar for different locations in this area. The numbers of first, second and third instar larvae detected in yak bodies peaked in October, December and March, respectively. Different doses of ivermectin (125 to 500 µg/kg body weight) almost completely dewormed the larvae from yaks, suggesting that using a quarter of the prescribed dose (500 µg/kg body weight) was effective. In October of each year between 2009 and 2012, ivermectin (125 µg/kg body weight) was administered to a total of 562,995 yaks grazed in four counties in Qinghai province, and the pevalence of Hypoderma larval infection in yaks was reduced to 0.5–1.0%.

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Genetic diversity and population genetics of the warble flies Hypoderma bovis and H. sinense in Qinghai Province, China

Ding

et al. 2016

Parasites Vectors

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BackgroundHypoderma bovis and H. sinense (Diptera: Oestridae) mainly parasitise cattle and yaks. The two parasites are pathogenic and cause economic losses that result from reduced amounts of livestock products, including milk, meat, and skin. Genetic diversity and population genetic structure of H. bovis and H. sinense have not been evaluated, but could be used to inform appropriate strategies to control these parasites.MethodsWe cloned and sequenced part of the mitochondrial cytochrome c oxidase subunit I (COI) gene from 60 H. bovis isolates and 52 H. sinense isolates from five locations in Qinghai Province, China, to identify polymorphisms, and infer their phylogenetic relationships, historical population expansions, and divergence time.ResultsWe identified 17 COI haplotypes from the H. bovis samples, and 23 COI haplotypes from the H. sinense samples. The haplotype and nucleotide diversities were 0.738 and 0.00202 for H. bovis, and 0.867 and 0.00300 for H. sinense, respectively, which indicates rich genetic diversity in H. bovis and H. sinense populations. Bayesian phylogenetic analysis revealed that the two species are monophyletic, and geographical structuring of haplotypes was significantly different in H. sinense (P < 0.05), but not H. bovis. Neutrality tests and mismatch distribution statistical analysis revealed that populations of the two species have undergone demographic expansions. The divergence three Hypoderma spp. (H. bovis, H. lineatum, and H. sinense) was estimated to have occurred approximately 4.5 million years ago (Mya), which indicates that the rapid uplift of the Qinghai-Tibetan Plateau during the late Miocene-Pliocene was associated with divergence of Hypoderma species.ConclusionsResults of the present study revealed that both H. bovis and H. sinense displayed high genetic diversity and widespread population genetic differentiation within and among populations; these data, along with the molecular phylogeny, demographic history, and divergence time estimation, provide new insight into evolutionary history of these species. These findings will help elucidate speciation in Hypoderma and provide theoretical basis for epidemiological surveillance and control of these species on the Qinghai-Tibetan Plateau.

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Migration of Warble Fly Larvae in the Yak and Optimum Timing of Ivermectin Treatment

Cited by 5 publications

References 13 publications

First description of the endogenous life cycle of Hypoderma sinense affecting yaks and cattle in China

First description of the endogenous life cycle of Hypoderma sinense affecting yaks and cattle in China

An Epidemiological Study of <i>Hypoderma</i> Infection and Control Using Ivermectin in Yaks in Qinghai Province, China

Genetic diversity and population genetics of the warble flies Hypoderma bovis and H. sinense in Qinghai Province, China

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