Migration of bisphenol-A diglycidyl ether (BADGE) and its reaction products in canned foods

Abstract

Bisphenol-A diglycidyl ether (BADGE) is used as an additive or starting agent in coatings for cans. The presence of hydrochloric acid in the organosol (PVC-based) lacquers results in formation of chlorohydroxy compounds of BADGE. These compounds, as well as BADGE itself, are potential migrants into the preserved food and are of toxicological concern. In the present investigation the presence of BADGE and the chlorohydroxy compounds (BADGE.HCl and BADGE.2HCl) in various kinds of canned foods from 30 brands have been determined by HPLC with fluorescence detection. BADGE was found in levels up to 5.1 mg/kg in the food and only in food from cans containing BADGE.HCl and BADGE.2HCl in the lacquers. BADGE was found both in fish in oil and in fish in tomato sauce, however, the highest amounts were found in the fatty foodstuffs. BADGE.HCl and BADGE.2HCl were found in concentrations up to 2.4 mg/kg and 8.3 mg/kg, respectively. Unlike BADGE, BADGE.2HCl was found in similar concentrations in fish in oil and in fish in tomato sauce. In aqueous and acidic foodstuffs BADGE readily hydrolyses into mono- and dihydrolysed products (BADGE.H2O and BADGE.2H2O). In this study BADGE.H2O was not found in any food sample, whereas BADGE.2H2O was found in levels up to 2.6 mg/kg. The Scientific Committee for Food (SCF) of the European Commission has proposed that a limit of restriction of 1 mg/kg food shall include BADGE itself and BADGE.H2O, BADGE.HCl, BADGE.2HCl and BADGE.HCL.H2O. The present results indicate that the migration of BADGE.HCl and BADGE.2HCl, compounds with almost no data on toxicity, implies a greater problem than BADGE.H2O and BADGE.2H2O.

Migrants from food cans revisited – application of a stochastic model for a more realistic assessment of exposure to bisphenol A diglycidyl ether (BADGE)

“…Second, in contrast to other packaging migrants, many studies have been reported on extraction and/or migration levels into solvents, simulants and/or foods. [9][10][11][12][13] Third, as BADGE and some of its derivatives (the chlorohydrins and the partial hydrolysis products, denoted BADGE · HCl, BADGE · 2HCl, BADGE · HCl · H 2 O and BADGE · H 2 O, are subject to a specific directive, 5 which places a limit restriction of 1 mg/kg food or food simulant, it can be used to illustrate the application of the model to estimate exposure to more than one migrating species at the same time. Whilst this work was in progress, a tolerable daily intake (TDI) value of 0.15 mg/kg bw was established for BADGE, following the submission of new toxicological data.…”

Determination of bisphenol A diglycidyl ether, novolac glycidyl ether and their derivatives migrated from can coatings into foodstuff by UPLC-MS/MS

“…The major reaction of BADGE and BFDGE (the main representative of NOGE) with food ingredients is hydrolytic opening of the epoxy rings, which yield BADGEÁH 2 O, BADGEÁ2H 2 O, BFDGEÁH 2 O and BFDGEÁ2H 2 O [7]. In organosol, BADGE and BFDGE are used to remove hydrochloric acid, which results in the formation of chlorinated derivatives (BADGEÁHCl, BADGEÁHClÁH 2 O, BADGEÁ2HCl, BFDGEÁHCl, BFDGEÁHClÁ H 2 O and BFDGEÁ2HCl) [8].…”

The effect of slip agents on the characteristics and properties of epoxy-phenolic can coatings

“…4 For over 10 years, published data in several European countries (UK, Switzerland, Germany, The Netherlands, Austria, Italy, Denmark) have been available on BADGE-derivatives and their migration from can coatings into foods and food simulants across a range of canned foods. 4,8,[10][11][12][13][14][15][16][17] In order to address these migration issues, several food contact factors have been addressed. The wetting resistance of the internal can coating films and the possibility of the interactions between the internal can coating films and the food content in the can have been studied.…”