Migration of antimony from polyethylene terephthalate used in mineral water bottles

Abstract

The influence of storage time and temperature on Sb migration from PET bottles into mineral water was studied in short-term tests lasting up to 15 days and long-term studies lasting up to 220 days. Samples purchased were stored in three different coloured bottles: clear (CL), light blue (LB) and dark blue (DB). Sb migration was assayed by HG-AFS for total determination and HPLC-ICP-MS for speciation analysis. Migration studies showed that waters stored at 4 and 20ºC were not subject to Sb migration. At 40ºC there was a significant increase in Sb concentration, although the maximum limit established by the European Union (5.0 µg L -1 ) was not exceeded, whereas at 60ºC samples were subject to considerable Sb migration after 30 days of storage. In this case, the maximum limit established by the European Union was exceeded and both Sb (V) and Sb (III) were detected.

Speciation of Antimony(III) and Antimony(V) in Bottled Water by Hydride Generation-Inductively Coupled Plasma Optical Emission Spectrometry

“…These results for total Sb were relatively higher than the results previously published by other authors for bottled water from Europe and Canada (Shotyk, Krachler, and Chen 2006), while concentrations of 1.52 and 1.99 g L -1 were reported for samples from Japan and Hong Kong, respectively (Shotyk and Krachler 2007). The higher results in the present work may be related to the storage time (Shotyk, Krachler, and Chen 2006;Shotyk and Krachler 2007;Westerhoff et al 2008;Carneado et al 2015) and higher temperatures (Westerhoff et al 2008;Carneado et al 2015). Therefore, the results for this small group of samples suggest the need of further study to evaluate the determination of Sb in bottled water in Brazil. In order to validate the method, samples S1 and S2 were fortified with Sb(III) and Sb(V).…”

“…Although no reference samples were employed in this study, the recoveries suggest adequate accuracy for the present method. The limits of quantification and linear dynamic ranges were suitable for the determination of Sb in drinking water (Brazil 2011;EPA 2014).…”

“…Consequently, the analytical conditions for the hydride generation have been studied for speciation (Feng et al 1999;Deng, Chen, and Belzile 2001;Flores et al 2002;Fuentes et al 2003;Menegario et al 2006;Matusiewicz and Krawczyk 2008; (Smichowski 2008;Ferreira et al 2014). However, no discrimination is made between Sb(III) and Sb(V) in drinking water, with a level of 6.0 g L 1 for total antimony by the United States Environmental Agency (EPA 2014) and 5.0 g L 1 by the Health Ministry in Brazil (Brazil 2011).…”

Application of non-traditional stable isotopes in analytical ecogeochemistry assessed by MC ICP-MS - A critical review

“…However, the low levels represent a challenge, especially when it comes to isotope ratios measurements. Further, contamination-free laboratory handling is required as Sb is used as softening agent in the production of plastic material, especially bottles [99,100]. Besides, soil contamination by Sb is constantly increasing mainly due to mining, shooting activities and industrial use [101].…”

A margin of exposure approach to assessment of non-cancerous risk of diethyl phthalate based on human exposure from bottled water consumption

“…It is believed that many ECs such as phthalate acid esters (PAEs) are ubiquitous environmental pollutants because of their widespread manufacture, use, and disposal (Matsumoto et al 2008;Serôdio and Nogueira 2006), and polyethylene terephthalate (PET) is also a controversial material in this sense. Throughout the world, PET is the most popular material for packaging, accounting for >99 % of all beverage bottles (Carneado et al 2015;ILSIEurope 2000). Nevertheless, the problem of potential migrants from PET and adverse health effects is long standing.…”