In the Netherlands young Muslim women have increasingly begun to join women-only kickboxing gyms. Dutch public discourse has taken notice, treating this phenomenon as a surprising development. The general assumption, in the Netherlands and in western Europe more broadly, is that women's sport is a form of secular, feminist empowerment; Muslim women's participation thus exemplifies the incongruence of Islam with the modern, secular nation-state. Contesting this view, I show that young Muslim women who kickbox establish agentive selves by playing with gender norms, challenging expectations, and living out their religious subjectivities. Moreover, they disrupt western European parameters of secularity and religiosity. Their cloistered athletic activity is liberating, but not as expected and understood by mainstream public opinion. They approach their sport not as a quest for cultural integration or emancipation from their Muslim communities, but as a way of intertwining religious and secular forms of self-improvement. [sport, embodiment, gender grouping, secularism, Islam, the Netherlands] T he first time I delivered a punch to someone's face, Zaynab was on the receiving end. 1 I was in a gym located on the second floor of an old office building on the outskirts of The Hague. There, I trained with mostly Muslim Moroccan-Dutch women in a "women-only" kickboxing class. We gathered three times a week, between the 6 p.m. children's and the 8 p.m. men's sessions. Zaynab lived just five minutes' walking distance from the gym, but some of us came from adjoining neighborhoods, and others traveled for half an hour just so they could exercise for one hour with their peers and friends. After an aerobic warm-up and extensive stretching, the bulk of the training session consisted of paired technique training with pads and other props. The final 15 minutes were reserved for sparring: practicing a fight without intending to hurt one's opponent too much. Nazira, the young mother with whom I had partnered for the first 45 minutes, decided, as usual, to look for another sparring partner. Her sparring does not include punching in the face, which, she believed, violates Islamic standards of behavior. She walked to the other side of the gym to join the other students who thought the same or who lacked sufficient training for full-contact sparring. I had been kickboxing for more than a year and had not done full contact yet. But that day, I was motivated to test and raise my kickboxing skills. This gym was relatively new to me; I had joined it for my field research two months earlier. With 30-year-old Salima and 18-year-old Zaynab, both of whom removed their headscarves for this training session, I formed a small minority who agreed to spar with face punching allowed. The three of us took turns sparring in one-minute rounds.