Migration and ethnicity as cultural impact factors on land use change in the rainforest margins of Central Sulawesi, Indonesia

Weber, Robert S.; Faust, Heiko; Schippers, Björn; Mamar, Sulaiman; Sutarto, Endriatmo; Kreisel, Werner

doi:10.1007/978-3-540-30290-2_20

Cited by 18 publications

(25 citation statements)

References 25 publications

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“…). The national park is under considerable pressure from an increasing human population due to migration from more populous parts of Indonesia, expansion of cacao agriculture and illegal logging (Weber et al ., ; Clough et al ., ). Most of the park lies above 1000‐m elevation (Fig.…”

Section: Methodsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Rapid deforestation threatens mid‐elevational endemic birds but climate change is most important at higher elevations

Harris

Putra²,

Gregory

et al. 2014

Diversity and Distributions

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Deceased.ABSTRACT Aim Deforestation and climate change are two of the most serious threats to tropical birds. Here, we combine fine-scale climatic and dynamic land cover models to forecast species vulnerability in rain forest habitats.Location Sulawesi, Indonesia.Methods We sampled bird communities on four mountains across three seasons in Lore Lindu National Park, Sulawesi, Indonesia (a globally important hotspot of avian endemism), to characterize relationships between elevation and abundance. Deforestation from 2000 to 2010 was quantified, and predictors of deforestation were identified. Future forest area was projected under two land use change scenarios -one assuming current deforestation rates and another assuming a 50% reduction in deforestation. A digital elevation model and an adiabatic lapse rate were used to create a fine-scale map of temperature in the national park. Then, the effects of climate change were projected by fitting statistical models of species abundance as a function of current temperature and forecasting future abundance based on warming from low-and highemissions climate change.Results The national park lost 11.8% of its forest from 2000 to 2010. Modelbased projections indicate that high-elevation species (white-eared myza Myza sarasinorum and Sulawesi leaf-warbler Phylloscopus sarasinorum) might be buffered from deforestation because their ranges are isolated from human settlement, but these species may face steep population declines from climate change (by as much as 61%). The middle-elevation sulphur-bellied whistler Pachycephala sulfuriventer is predicted to undergo minor declines from climate change (8-11% reduction), while deforestation is predicted to cause larger declines of 13-19%.Main conclusions The biological richness and rapid deforestation now occurring inside the national park emphasize the need for increased enforcement, while our modelling suggests that climate change is most threatening to highelevation endemics. These findings are likely applicable to other highland tropical sites where deforestation is encroaching from below and climate change is stressing high-elevation species from above.

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Section: Methodsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Rapid deforestation threatens mid‐elevational endemic birds but climate change is most important at higher elevations

Harris

Putra²,

Gregory

et al. 2014

Diversity and Distributions

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“…As the first harvests are sold, the success of the first farmers leads to adoption by neighboring farmers (Ruf & Yoddang 2004) and finally to migration into the "cacao pioneer front," which is typical for the Sulawesi cacao boom (Weber et al 2007) and for other cacao-producing regions such as West Africa (Gockowski & Sonwa 2008). The increase in area under cacao cultivation is accomplished at the cost of conversion of natural forest to agroforests, either by migrants or by changes in land tenure due to the influx of migrants (Weber et al 2007) (Figure 2). Cacao booms are often initiated by farmers without government incentives as shown by the recent boom in Sulawesi which has taken place largely in a context of "hands-off policy" on behalf of government agencies (Akiyama & Nishio 1996).…”

Section: )mentioning

confidence: 99%

Cacao boom and bust: sustainability of agroforests and opportunities for biodiversity conservation

Clough

Faust

Tscharntke

2009

Conservation Letters

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151

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Cacao cultivation holds a sweet promise, not only for chocolate consumers and cacao farmers but also for conservationists who argue that diverse cacao agroforests may be used to sustain both livelihoods of smallholders and ecological benefits such as the conservation of biodiversity within human-dominated tropical landscapes. However, regional boom-and-bust cycles are the rule in global cacao production: after initial forest conversion to cacao agroforests, sustaining production is difficult due to dwindling yields as trees age and pest and disease pressure increases. The failure to revitalize plantations often leads to a shift of cacao production to other regions. Shade removal dynamics within these cycles substantially reduce most of the biodiversity benefits. We investigate the conservation implications of these processes. Using examples from the current cacao crisis in Indonesia, we show that until now commitments to sustainability by the cacao-chocolate sector have not been successful, which endangers remaining forests. Conservation can be combined with smallholder cacao production, but if this is to be achieved, greater quantitative and qualitative efforts to halt cacao cycles are needed on the part of the industry by making use of existing opportunities to combine sustainability, carbon storage, and biodiversity conservation.

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“…Some migrants have been converting primary forest to cacao plantations in central Sulawesi (Steffan‐Dewenter et al. 2007; Weber et al. 2007).…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Conservation value of cacao agroforestry for amphibians and reptiles in South‐East Asia: combining correlative models with follow‐up field experiments

Wanger

Saro

Iskandar

et al. 2009

Journal of Applied Ecology

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Summary 1.Although agricultural expansion is a primary threat to tropical biodiversity, experimental studies evaluating the conservation value of tropical agricultural habitats are scarce. In particular, little is known about the sensitivity of amphibians and reptiles to habitat disturbance in areas of very high diversity such as South-East Asia. 2. We used a two-step approach to determine the relationship between habitat complexity and conservation value of cacao agroforestry for herpetological diversity in Sulawesi (Indonesia). Indonesia is the third largest cacao-exporting country globally and forest conversion to cacao plantations is a major threat to its biodiversity. We first sampled 43 cacao plantations six times to determine the environmental variables that best explained herpetofaunal diversity patterns using a Bayesian model selection approach. Based on these results, we experimentally manipulated leaf litter thickness (LLT), number of branch piles (LOGS) and LLT + LOGS combinations in the cacao plots. The experimental data were analysed using Bayesian hierarchical regression. 3. The best supported correlative models incorporated LLT, LOGS, air temperature and the ratio between leaf litter and shrub cover, showing the importance of habitat heterogeneity and suggesting climate change sensitivity. The subsequent structural manipulation of these attributes changed amphibian and reptile species richness, and reptile abundance, but only addition of leaf litter did so in a biologically meaningful way, providing microhabitat resources. However, the main beneficiaries were common disturbance-tolerant reptiles. 4. Synthesis and applications. The different results from the correlative model and the independent manipulative experiments showed how important such a combined approach is to derive adequate conservation management recommendations. Increasing leaf litter in cacao agroforestry will work best if implemented on a landscape scale to incorporate sufficient environmental variation and species life histories. This will mainly enhance the richness and abundance of disturbance-tolerant species, which still may maintain ecosystem functions such as pest removal. Particularly for rare species, native forests remain critical for herpetological richness. The direct temperature sensitivity suggests that future climate change impacts may be severe for herpetological diversity in plantation habitats and, hence, demand further research.

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Migration and ethnicity as cultural impact factors on land use change in the rainforest margins of Central Sulawesi, Indonesia

Cited by 18 publications

References 25 publications

Rapid deforestation threatens mid‐elevational endemic birds but climate change is most important at higher elevations

Rapid deforestation threatens mid‐elevational endemic birds but climate change is most important at higher elevations

Cacao boom and bust: sustainability of agroforests and opportunities for biodiversity conservation

Conservation value of cacao agroforestry for amphibians and reptiles in South‐East Asia: combining correlative models with follow‐up field experiments

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