Migration and Agricultural Practices in the Peripheral Areas of Côte d’Ivoire State-Owned Forests

Gizèle, Zanh Golou; Bruno, Kpangui Kouassi; Sabas, Barima Yao Sadaiou; Bogaert, Jan

doi:10.3390/su11226378

Cited by 7 publications

(4 citation statements)

References 15 publications

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“…In addition, tree species retained by farmers in their cocoa farms were mainly composed of exotic and local fruit tree species, namely Persea americana, Mangifera indica and Citrus sp., confirming previous findings highlighting that fruit tree species were the major tree species in cocoa landscapes [18,29,35]. These species help cocoa farmers diversify their source of income and ensure their food security as fruits are either directly consumed or sold to local traders and farmers during the lean season [64,65]. Moreover, the association of fruit-tree species has the potential to enhance cocoa productivity, as shown in central Côte d'Ivoire through cocoa-avocado and cocoa-orange intercropping systems [18].…”

Section: Discussionsupporting

confidence: 87%

“…In addition, the origin of the farmer appears to be an underlying factor of agroforestry adoption. A recent appraisal conducted in Côte d'Ivoire related on-farm tree retention to the origin of farmers and are meant to supply their daily need for food, fuelwood, and traditional medicine [64]. Similarly, Owusu and Frimpong [31] showed that cocoa agroforestry adoption is triggered by several factors, including age, gender, and migration status, in Ghana and Cameroon [75].…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

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Exploring Barriers to Agroforestry Adoption by Cocoa Farmers in South-Western Côte d’Ivoire

Kouassi

Bene

et al. 2021

Sustainability

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Agroforestry is part of the package of good agricultural practices (GAPs) referred to as a reference to basic environmental and operational conditions necessary for the safe, healthy, and sustainable production of cocoa. Furthermore, cocoa agroforestry is one of the most effective nature-based solutions to address global change including land degradation, nutrient depletion, climate change, biodiversity loss, food and nutrition insecurity, and rural poverty and current cocoa supply chain issues. This study was carried out in South-Western Côte d’Ivoire through a household survey to assess the willingness of cocoa farmers to adopt cocoa agroforestry, a key step towards achieving sustainability in the cocoa supply chain markedly threatened by all types of biophysical and socio-economic challenges. In total, 910 cocoa households were randomly selected and individually interviewed using a structured questionnaire. Findings revealed that from the overwhelming proportion of farmers practicing full-sun cocoa farming with little or no companion trees associated, 50.2 to 82.1% were willing to plant and to keep fewer than 20 trees per ha in their farms for more than 20 years after planting. The most preferred trees provide a range of ecosystem services, including timber and food production, as well as shade regulation. More than half of the interviewed households considered keeping in their trees in their plantations for more than 20 years subject to the existence of a formal contract to protect their rights and tree ownership. This opinion is significantly affected by age, gender, access to seedlings of companion trees and financial resources. A bold step forward towards transitioning to cocoa agroforestry and thereby agroecological intensification lies in (i) solving the issue of land tenure and tree ownership by raising awareness about the new forest code and, particularly, the understanding of cocoa agroforestry, (ii) highlighting the added value of trees in cocoa lands, and (iii) facilitating access to improved cocoa companion tree materials and incentives. Trends emerged from this six-year-old study about potential obstacles likely to impede the adoption of agroforestry by cocoa farmers meet the conclusions of several studies recently rolled out in the same region for a sustainable cocoa sector, thereby confirming that not only the relevance of this work but also its contribution to paving the way for the promotion of agroecological transition in cocoa farming.

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Section: Discussionsupporting

confidence: 87%

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Exploring Barriers to Agroforestry Adoption by Cocoa Farmers in South-Western Côte d’Ivoire

Kouassi

Bene

et al. 2021

Sustainability

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“…Cote d'Ivoire is a coastal country in West Africa, covering 322,463 km 2 . Cote d'Ivoire is heavily dependent on agriculture and related activities [16].…”

Section: Investigation Sitesmentioning

confidence: 99%

Achieving Real-World Saturated Hydraulic Conductivity: Practical and Theoretical Findings from Using an Exponential One-Phase Decay Model

Keïta,

Zorom,

Faye

et al. 2023

Hydrology

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Obtaining accurate values of saturated hydraulic conductivity (Ksat) is very important for managing all natural or artificial processes involving water flow into soils. Double-ring infiltration (DRI) is one of the easiest-to-work-with techniques commonly used for Ksat determination. Unfortunately, when improperly used, it leads to important variations and inaccurate results. This study was designed to investigate the necessary conditions to reach the true-value or real-world saturated hydraulic conductivity (Ksat-real-world) in the field. For this purpose, the effects of two factors—namely, the measured infiltration data type (cumulative, instant rate, and average rate) and the related non-linear regression equation type—were analyzed. Measurements with DRI were performed with samples from 106 locations in three West African countries, namely, Burkina Faso, Mali, and Cote d’Ivoire. The soils were composed of loam, sandy loam, and sandy clay loam. The results show that when infiltration rates are used rather than cumulative infiltration non-linear regression curves, the variability between the measured Ksat and the real-world saturated hydraulic conductivity (Ksat-real-world) could reach from 2.2% to 58.8%. This variability was caused by the approximate amplification—according to the procedure used—of time-increment measurement errors. Extending the test duration to more than 4 h, especially when clay soils were involved, and using the exponential one-phase decay non-linear regression of the cumulative infiltration data based on a clear measurement protocol provided the Ksat values that were closest to Ksat-real-world.

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“…There is an opportunity here for diverse stakeholders to collaboratively develop integrated land management plans as well as for the government and private sector to support inclusive development. In addition, the existing agroforestry-based innovations that indigenous and migrant farmers alike are already putting into practice [89,90] must be recognized in sector strategies and supported on a larger scale. These strategies represent a high level of local ownership and therefore can have strong positive impact on social cohesion at the horizontal level.…”

Section: Côte D'ivoirementioning

confidence: 99%

Social Cohesion as the Missing Link between Natural Resource Management and Peacebuilding: Lessons from Cocoa Production in Côte d’Ivoire and Colombia

Löhr

Aruqaj

Baumert³

et al. 2021

Sustainability

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Social cohesion plays a key role in processes of peacebuilding and sustainable development. Fostering social cohesion might present a potential to enhance the connection of natural resource management and peacebuilding and better functioning of sustainable land use systems. This contribution explores the nexus between social cohesion, natural resource management, and peacebuilding. We do so by (1) reviewing literature on the three concepts and (2) studying four different key action areas in the context of sustainable cocoa production for their potential to enhance social cohesion, namely (a) agroforestry; (b) cooperatives; (c) certification schemes; and (d) trade policies. Research is based on experience from cocoa production in two post-conflict countries, Côte d’Ivoire and Colombia. Our findings show that by fostering environmentally sustainable agricultural practices, these key action areas have a clear potential to foster social cohesion among cocoa producers and thus provide a valuable contribution to post-conflict peacebuilding in both countries. However, the actual effects strongly depend on a multitude of local factors which need to be carefully taken into consideration. Further, the focus in implementation of some of these approaches tends to be on increasing agricultural productivity and not directly on fostering cocoa farmers’ wellbeing and societal relations, and hence a shift toward social objectives is needed in order to strengthen these approaches as a part of overall peacebuilding strategies.

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Migration and Agricultural Practices in the Peripheral Areas of Côte d’Ivoire State-Owned Forests

Cited by 7 publications

References 15 publications

Exploring Barriers to Agroforestry Adoption by Cocoa Farmers in South-Western Côte d’Ivoire

Exploring Barriers to Agroforestry Adoption by Cocoa Farmers in South-Western Côte d’Ivoire

Achieving Real-World Saturated Hydraulic Conductivity: Practical and Theoretical Findings from Using an Exponential One-Phase Decay Model

Social Cohesion as the Missing Link between Natural Resource Management and Peacebuilding: Lessons from Cocoa Production in Côte d’Ivoire and Colombia

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