Migrasome and Tetraspanins in Vascular Homeostasis: Concept, Present, and Future

Abstract

Cell migration plays a critical role in vascular homeostasis. Under noxious stimuli, endothelial cells (ECs) migration always contributes to vascular repair, while enhanced migration of vascular smooth muscle cells (VSMCs) will lead to pathological vascular remodeling. Moreover, vascular activities are involved in communication between ECs and VSMCs, between ECs and immune cells, et al. Recently, Ma et al. (2015) discovered a novel migration-dependent organelle "migrasome," which mediated release of cytoplasmic contents, and this process was defined as "migracytosis." The formation of migrasome is precisely regulated by tetraspanins (TSPANs), cholesterol and integrins. Migrasomes can be taken up by neighboring cells, and migrasomes are distributed in many kinds of cells and tissues, such as in blood vessel, human serum, and in ischemic brain of human and mouse. In addition, the migrasome elements TSPANs are wildly expressed in cardiovascular system. Therefore, TSPANs, migrasomes and migracytosis might play essential roles in regulating vascular homeostasis. In this review, we will discuss the discoveries of migration-dependent migrasome and migracytosis, migrasome formation, the basic differences between migrasomes and exosomes, the distributions and functions of migrasome, the functions of migrasome elements TSPANs in vascular biology, and discuss the possible roles of migrasomes and migracytosis in vascular homeostasis.

SARS-CoV-2 Initiates Programmed Cell Death in Platelets

“… 44 In migrating cells, migrasomes have been described as a migration-dependent organelle that is composed of cytoplasmic contents released as a result of a process defined as migracytosis. 45 Migrasome function is not well characterized. So far, it is clear that migrasomes can serve as chemoattractant molecules 29 , 30 and can be taken up by many cells suggesting a role in mediation of cell-cell communication that platelets may utilize.…”

Hepatocardiac or Cardiohepatic Interaction: From Traditional Chinese Medicine to Western Medicine

“…Interorgan communication has been shown to play essential roles in orchestrating metabolic health [5,33]. Mechanistically, bioactive peptides and proteins (e.g., hormones and cytokines), extracellular vesicles (EVs, e.g., exosome and migrasome), and certain nonsecretory genes are the key messengers in modulating the interorgan communication [5,[34][35][36][37][38][39][40][41][42][43]. Moreover, organokines are the novel players mediating the interorgan communication, they are proteins exclusively or predominantly produced by and secreted from a specific tissue (e.g., the functional proteins released from adipose tissue are termed as "adipokines" and skeletal muscle-derived proteins are known as "myokines"), but they are not simply markers of the function of their source tissue, and all organokines have the paracrine or endocrine actions, or both [13].…”

“…erefore, both identified and unidentified cardiomyokines and hepatokines might have the interactive network during modulating liver and heart homeostasis. Besides these organokines, EVs (e.g., exosome and migrasome) are the key messengers in interorgan communication, and certain nonsecretory gene-mediated multiple signals are also important in mediating interorgan communication [5,[34][35][36][37][38][39][40][41][42]. However, the network and detail roles of these mediators in modulating hepatocardiac or cardiohepatic interaction still need further investigation.…”

Hydrogen Gas: A Novel Type of Antioxidant in Modulating Sexual Organs Homeostasis

“…The penis is a vascular organ that is sensitive to changes in oxidative stress and systemic NO levels [ 9 ]. Vascular homeostasis maintenance is an active process, involved in the growth, migration, and death of vascular cells and activation of immune cells in vasculature, as well as the generation and degradation of extracellular matrix (ECM); all these coordinate with environmental cues to maintain the function of blood vessels [ 53 ]. H 2 has strong abilities to suppress the excessive oxidative stress, thus maintaining vascular homeostasis and function, such as inhibiting abdominal aortic coarctation (AAC)- induced vascular hypertrophy and intimal hyperplasia in arterialized vein grafts in rats, decreasing blood pressure in monocrotaline-, N omega-Nitro-L-arginine methyl ester (L-NAME; NOS inhibitor)-, or chronic intermittent hypoxia-induced hypertension in rats [ 51 , 54 – 57 ].…”