Midroelectrode studies of stress‐generated potentials in four‐point bending of bone

Starkebaum, Warren; Pollack, Solomon R.; Korostoff, Edward

doi:10.1002/jbm.820130506

Cited by 97 publications

(44 citation statements)

References 12 publications

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“…Findings from in vitro experiments support the view that mechanical stress produces fluid flow in the osteocyte lacunar-canalicular network, which is the likely physiological signal for bone cell adaptive responses (Starkebaum et al, 1979;Johnson et al, 1982Johnson et al, , 1996Judex et al, 1997). Results of in vivo experimental studies on streaming potentials confirm that increased fluid flow from increased capillary filtration produces streaming potentials-a possible signal for increased cellular activity (Bronk et al, 1993;MacGinitie et al, 1994).…”

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confidence: 70%

Histomorphological study on pattern of fluid movement in cortical bone in goats

et al. 1999

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Streaming potential is considered one of the most important mechanisms to moderate the function of osteoblasts and osteocytes in bone growth, remodeling and fracture repair. The present study was designed to demonstrate the fluid flow pattern in the cortical bone matrix in an animal model using undecalcified histological techniques. Immediately after injection of ferritin into the tibia nutrient artery of four adult goats, the animals were euthanized. Undecalcified transverse and longitudinal blocks of cortical bone obtained from the tibial diaphysis were immersed in Perl's reagent and embedded in methyl methacrylate. Sections were cut and ground to 30-50 µm thickness for histomorphological evaluation at different magnifications and focusing levels. A serial grinding technique was used to validate the observations made at different focusing levels. As expected, ferritin was observed in the interstitial compartment in both transverse and longitudinal sections. In osteons sectioned transversely, the pattern of centrifugal movement of ferritin marker was demonstrated as single or multiple halos around the Haversian canal. The most apparent halo in osteons with multiple halos was the one found closest to the Haversian canal. The total number of identifiable single or multiple halos increased or was altered when counting was made with higher magnification or at different focusing levels, respectively. Irregular and incomplete ferritin halos indicated structural complexity of the osteons. Overall, the pattern of ferritin movement was consistent with bulk interstitial fluid flow influenced by both hydrostatic pressure and transudation. This study demonstrated for the first time multiple concentric halos of the fluid flow marker ferritin around Haversian canals in the cortical interstitial compartment. The results suggest that the undecalcified technique might be a useful method for qualitative and quantitative studies on cortical fluid flow. Anat Rec 255: 380-387, 1999. 1999 Key words: fluid flow; cortical bone; ferritin transudation; undecalcification; histology; microscopy Mature cortical bone is structurally organized into osteons. Each osteon is roughly cylindrical in shape with concentric lamellae around the vasculature-containing Haversian canal. Between the lamellae lie the ellipsoidal lacunae where the osteocytes reside. Cortical bone has a hierarchical network of flow channels, i.e. the longitudinal Haversian and the transverse Volkmann's canals to the tiny lacunae-canaliculi channels around the bone cells, and the microporosity of the collagen-hydroxyapatite bone matrix (Cooper et al

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confidence: 70%

Histomorphological study on pattern of fluid movement in cortical bone in goats

et al. 1999

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“…The streaming potential produced by interstitial fluid-flow in bone is believed to be able to produce a number of responses in osteocytes, including the activation of voltageoperated channels in the cellular membrane. Thus, this streaming potential serves to trigger the mechanotransduction process [32, [49][50][51].…”

Section: Streaming Potentialsmentioning

confidence: 99%

From mechanical stimulus to bone formation: A review

Rosa

Simões

Magalhães

et al. 2015

Medical Engineering & Physics

106

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Bone is a remarkable tissue that can respond to external stimuli. The importance of mechanical forces on the mass and structural development of bone has long been accepted. This adaptation behaviour is very complex and involves multidisciplinary concepts, and significant progress has recently been made in understanding this process. In this review, we describe the state of the art studies in this area and highlight current insights while simultaneously clarifying some basic yet essential topics related to the origin of mechanical stimulus in bone, the biomechanisms associated with mechanotransduction, the nature of physiological bone stimuli and the test systems most commonly used to study the mechanical stimulation of bone.

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“…Despite the ideal location of osteocytes to sense the local environment, their functions, and the relative importance of these functions, remain controversial. The multifactorial functions of osteocytes and the lacunocanalicular spaces in which they reside may include (1) mineral homeostasis [Aarden et al, 1994;Mullender et al, 1996b;Ehrlich et al, 2002;Parfi tt, 2003;Tazawa et al, 2004], (2) nutrient transport and signal transmission [Starkebaum, 1979;Kelly, 1983;Lanyon, 1993;Marotti, 2000;Yellowley et al, 2000;Alford et al, 2003;Mishra and Knothe Tate, 2003], (3) mechanosensation/mechanotransduction [Cowin et al, 1991;Duncan and Turner, 1995;Mosley and Lanyon, 1998;Burger and Klein-Nulend, 1999;Weinbaum et al, 2001;Rubinacci et al, 2002], (4) microdamage detection [Mori and Burr, 1993;Bentolila et al, 1998;Martin, 2000;Reilly, 2000;Vashishth et al, 2000;Noble et al, 2003], and (5) the control of processes that mediate some bone remodeling and modeling activities, as well as the attainment of bone mass [Carter, 1987;Butler, 1989;Mullender and Huiskes, 1995;Terai et al, 1999;Martin, 2000;Power et al, 2002;Vashishth et al, 2002;Burger et al, 2003]. These interrelated functions may be mediated by intercellular communication via gap junctions or cellular activation resulting from interstitial fl uid fl ow.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Spatial Distribution of Osteocyte Lacunae in Equine Radii and Third Metacarpals: Considerations for Cellular Communication, Microdamage Detection and Metabolism

Skedros

Grunander

Hamrick³

2005

Cells Tissues Organs

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Osteocytes, which are embedded in bone matrix, are the most abundant cells in bone. Despite the ideal location of osteocytes to sense the local environment and influence bone remodeling, their functions, and the relative importance of these functions, remain controversial. In this study, we tested several hypotheses that address the possibilities that population densities of osteocyte lacunae (Ot.Lc.N/B.Ar) correlate with strain-, remodeling- or metabolism-related aspects of the local biomechanical environments of mid-third diaphyseal equine radii and third metacarpals from skeletally mature animals. Ot.Lc.N/B.Ar data, quantified in multiple cortical locations, were analyzed for possible correlations with (1) structural and material characteristics (e.g., cortical thickness, percent ash, secondary osteon population density, mean osteon cross-sectional area, and predominant collagen fiber orientation), (2) strain characteristics, including prevalent/predominant strain magnitude and mode (tension, compression, shear), (3) hypothesized strain-mode-related microdamage characteristics, which might be perceived by osteocyte ‘operational’ networks, and (4) variations in remodeling dynamics and/or metabolism (i.e. presumably higher in endocortical regions than in other transcortical locations). Results showed relatively uniform Ot.Lc.N/B.Ar between regions with highly non-uniform strain and strain-related environments and markedly heterogeneous structural and material organization. These results suggest that population densities of these cells are poorly correlated with mechanobiological characteristics, including local variations in metabolic rate and strain magnitude/mode. Although osteocytes hypothetically evolved both as strain sensors and fatigue damage sensors able to direct the removal of damage as needed, the mechanisms that govern the distribution of these cells remain unclear. The results of this study provide little or no evidence that the number of osteocyte lacunae has a functional role in mechanotransduction pathways that are typically considered in bone adaptation.

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Midroelectrode studies of stress‐generated potentials in four‐point bending of bone

Cited by 97 publications

References 12 publications

Histomorphological study on pattern of fluid movement in cortical bone in goats

Histomorphological study on pattern of fluid movement in cortical bone in goats

From mechanical stimulus to bone formation: A review

Spatial Distribution of Osteocyte Lacunae in Equine Radii and Third Metacarpals: Considerations for Cellular Communication, Microdamage Detection and Metabolism

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