Midline growth of the sphenoid bone in primates: A histological and microcomputed tomography study

Abstract

Objectives:The aim of the present study is to broaden our knowledge of the ontogeny of cranial base cartilaginous joints in primates. Materials and Methods:A cross-sectional age sample of 66 specimens from four platyrrhine and three strepsirrhine genera were studied using microcomputed tomography, histology, and immunohistochemistry. Specimens were segmented, reconstructed, and measured using Amira software. Ontogenetic scaling of palatal, presphenoid, and basisphenoid length relative to cranial length was examined using standardized major axis regression. After histological sectioning, selected specimens were examined using immunohistochemistry of antibodies to proliferating cell nuclear antigen.Results: Our results support the hypothesis that the presphenoid in platyrrhines grows more rapidly compared with strepsirrhines, but this study establishes that most or all of this growth discrepancy occurs prenatally, and mostly at the presphenoseptal synchondrosis (PSept). All species have prolonged patency (here meaning absence of any bony bridging across the synchondrosis) of the intrasphenoidal and sphenooccipital synchondroses (ISS). However, immunohistochemical results suggest growth is only rapid throughout infancy, and mitotic activity is slowing during juvenile ages.The same is indicated for the PSept.Discussion: These results demonstrate that platyrrhines and strepsirrhines do not follow the pattern of early fusion of ISS seen in humans. In addition, these primates have a more prolonged patency and growth at PSept compared with humans. Finally, results reveal that in bushbabies and tamarins, as in humans, synchondroses remain cartilaginous for a prolonged period after chondrocyte proliferation has slowed or ceased. In light of these results, it is time to reassess related processes, such as differences in timing of brain expansion.