Midlatitude Plasma Bubbles Over China and Adjacent Areas During a Magnetic Storm on 8 September 2017

Aa, Ercha; Huang, Wengeng; Liu, Siqing; Ridley, A. J.; Zou, Shasha; Shi, Liqin; Chen, Yanhong; Shen, Hua; Yuan, Tianjiao; Li, Jianyong; Wang, Tan

doi:10.1002/2017sw001776

Cited by 101 publications

(117 citation statements)

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“…The solar wind and IMF conditions during 7–8 September 2017 have been described in several recent papers (e.g., Aa et al, ; Jin et al, ; Lei et al, ; Li et al, ; Shen et al, ), which are also shown here in Figures a–d. It was a storm with a double main phase.…”

Section: Geomagnetic Conditions Of 7–8 September 2017supporting

confidence: 71%

“…In addition, the substorm‐related shielding electric field could also influence the zonal electric field (Ebihara & Tanaka, ; Jin et al, ). Moreover, several studies have found that under favorable storm time PPEF/PRE conditions, the EPBs can rise to higher altitude with plasma depletion extending along the magnetic field lines to midlatitude regions (e.g., Foster & Rich, ; Kelley et al, ; Ma & Maruyama, ; Mendillo et al, ), while in some extreme cases, the depletion signatures can even be measured around 40° magnetic latitude (MLAT; e.g., Aa et al, ; Cherniak & Zakharenkova, ; Katamzi‐Joseph et al, ; Martinis et al, ). Hence, the storm time morphology of midlatitude ionosphere can be influenced by disturbances initiated from both auroral and equatorial regions.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

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Merging of Storm Time Midlatitude Traveling Ionospheric Disturbances and Equatorial Plasma Bubbles

Zou

Ridley

et al. 2019

Space Weather

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Postsunset midlatitude traveling ionospheric disturbances (TIDs) and equatorial plasma bubbles (EPBs) were simultaneously observed over American sector during the geomagnetic storm on 8 September 2017. The characteristics of TIDs are analyzed by using a combination of the Millstone Hill incoherent scatter radar data and 2‐D detrended total electron content (TEC) from ground‐based Global Navigation Satellite System receivers. The main results associated with EPBs are as follows: (1) stream‐like structures of TEC depletion occurred simultaneously at geomagnetically conjugate points, (2) poleward extension of the TEC irregularities/depletions along the magnetic field lines, (3) severe equatorial and midlatitude electron density (Ne) bite outs observed by Defense Meteorological Satellite Program and Swarm satellites, and (4) enhancements of ionosphere F layer virtual height and vertical drifts observed by equatorial ionosondes near the EPBs initiation region. The stream‐like TEC depletions reached 46° magnetic latitudes that map to an apex altitude of 6,800 km over the magnetic equator using International Geomagnetic Reference Field. The formation of this extended density depletion structure is suggested to be due to the merging between the altitudinal/latitudinal extension of EPBs driven by strong prompt penetration electric field and midlatitude TIDs. Moreover, the poleward portion of the depletion/irregularity drifted westward and reached the equatorward boundary of the ionospheric main trough. This westward drift occurred at the same time as the sudden expansion of the convection pattern and could be attributed to the strong returning westward flow near the subauroral polarization stream region. Other possible mechanisms for the westward tilt are also discussed.

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Section: Geomagnetic Conditions Of 7–8 September 2017supporting

confidence: 71%

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Merging of Storm Time Midlatitude Traveling Ionospheric Disturbances and Equatorial Plasma Bubbles

Zou

Ridley

et al. 2019

Space Weather

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“…The nighttime in situ Ne observations of SWA in Figures e–h were consistent with the nighttime topside TEC as shown in Figures e–h, showing localized TEC enhancement, plasma depletions, and bite‐outs between the equator and the midlatitude regions. Aa et al () reported Ne depletions at the equatorial latitudes from SWA and SWC observations during this storm event, which was also observed in our uplooking TEC for GRACE and SWA. The TEC and Ne from SWA were consistent despite the difference in their methods of observation.…”

Section: Observationssupporting

confidence: 88%

Topside Ionospheric Conditions During the 7–8 September 2017 Geomagnetic Storm

et al. 2019

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The uplooking total electron contents (TECs) from the GRACE, SWARM-A, TerraSAR-X, andMetOp-A satellites and in situ electron density (Ne) from SWARM-A were utilized to investigate the topside ionospheric conditions during the 7-8 September 2017 geomagnetic storm. The rate of TEC index (ROTI) and rate of density index (RODI), which are derivative indices of TEC and Ne, respectively, were also used to characterize the topside ionospheric irregularities. The main results of this study are as follows: (1) There were significant enhancements seen in the uplooking TEC during the first main phase of the storm. (2) The uplooking TEC did not show unusual enhancement at the morning and evening local times in the Asian-Australian sector during the recovery phase of the storm. (3) Prominent TEC hemispheric asymmetry at the middle and high latitudes was observed at both day and night sectors. (4) Long-duration recovery of topside TEC with respect to the prestorm condition was also detected in this event. (5) Nighttime ROTI enhancements were presented in a wide latitudinal range from the equator to the poles during the main phases of the storm. (6) The ionospheric electric field disturbances associated with IMF-B z fluctuations probably played a very important role in triggering ionospheric irregularities during the relatively weak geomagnetic activity on 7 September, which implies that ionospheric irregularities do not necessarily occur under the severe geomagnetic conditions only.Key Points:• Long-duration depletion of topside TEC recovery was observed during the morning and evening local times in this event • Enhancements of ionospheric irregularities were presented at night with wide latitudinal range during the two main phases of the storm • Ionospheric electric field disturbances due to B z fluctuations probably triggered topside ionospheric irregularities before the main phases

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“…Therefore, we conclude that the strong eastward IEF penetrated to low‐latitude ionosphere, uplifted the bottomside F layer to higher altitudes and triggered the postsunset FAIs. Aa et al () studied the widely extended plasma bubbles over China during the same storm on 7–8 September 2017 by using data from Global Navigation Satellite System networks. The TEC depletion was observed after 12:45 UT, consistent with the FAIs observed by the HCOPAR.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Formation and Evolution of Low‐Latitude F Region Field‐Aligned Irregularities During the 7–8 September 2017 Storm: Hainan Coherent Scatter Phased Array Radar and Digisonde Observations

et al. 2018

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In this paper, we present a study of the low‐latitude field‐aligned irregularities formation and evolution during the 7–8 September 2017 geomagnetic storm by analyzing data of the very high frequency coherent radar installed at Fuke, Hainan Island of China (19.5°N, 109.1°E; magnetic latitude 9.58°N) and a colocated Digisonde Portable Sounder. The prompt penetration of eastward interplanetary electric field associated with sudden southward turning of the interplanetary magnetic field Bz resulted in large ascent of the F layer, making conducive conditions at the bottomside of the layer for the growth of Rayleigh‐Taylor instability and the development of the plasma irregularities in the postsunset hours. The irregularities persisted into the postmidnight sector when the southward interplanetary magnetic field Bz gradually decreased to the quiet time values. In addition, the base height of F layer at Fuke also showed a large elevation after midnight during two consecutive substorm onsets, suggesting that the substorm‐induced overshielding penetration electric field may take over and modify the ambient zonal electric field in low‐latitude ionosphere and induce the irregularities in the postmidnight sector. Moreover, different from the quiet time eastward movement of the irregularities observed over Fuke, the storm time irregularities displayed no zonal drift at the initial period and subsequently began drifting westward. The reversal of background plasma zonal drift velocity observed by Hainan digisonde characterized the storm time zonal drift pattern of the irregularities.

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Midlatitude Plasma Bubbles Over China and Adjacent Areas During a Magnetic Storm on 8 September 2017

Cited by 101 publications

References 50 publications

Merging of Storm Time Midlatitude Traveling Ionospheric Disturbances and Equatorial Plasma Bubbles

Merging of Storm Time Midlatitude Traveling Ionospheric Disturbances and Equatorial Plasma Bubbles

Topside Ionospheric Conditions During the 7–8 September 2017 Geomagnetic Storm

Formation and Evolution of Low‐Latitude F Region Field‐Aligned Irregularities During the 7–8 September 2017 Storm: Hainan Coherent Scatter Phased Array Radar and Digisonde Observations

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