Midgut Absorption of Undigested Albumin and Other Proteins by Tsetse, Glossina M. Morsitans (Diptera: Glossinidae)

Nogge, Gunther; Giannetti, M.

doi:10.1093/jmedent/16.3.263

Cited by 35 publications

(4 citation statements)

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“…In the acute phase of TBI, cerebral blood ow decreases signi cantly [17]. Furthermore, white matter bers are some of the most vulnerable tissues in TBI, and dramatic changes in cerebral circulation could damage the white matter and affect neurological functions [33]. Prior ndings have con rmed that administration of the selective CB2 agonist GP1a enhances cerebral blood ow and improves neurobehavioral outcomes after TBI [18].…”

Section: Treatment With Jwh133 Improves Cerebral Blood Ow After Tbimentioning

confidence: 99%

Selective activation of cannabinoid receptor-2 reduces white matter injury via PERK signaling in a rat model of traumatic brain injury

Lin

Luo

Shang

et al. 2022

Experimental Neurology

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Background and Purpose: Traumatic brain injury (TBI) destroys white matter, and this destruction is aggravated by secondary neuroin ammatory reactions. Although white matter injury (WMI) is strongly correlated with poor neurological function, understanding of white matter integrity maintenance is limited, and no available therapies can effectively protect white matter. One candidate approach that may ful ll this goal is cannabinoid receptor 2 (CB2) agonist treatment. Here, we con rmed that a selective CB2 agonist, JWH133, protected white matter after TBI. Methods: TBI was induced by Controlled cortical impact (CCI). The motor evoked potentials (MEPs), open eld test, and Morris water maze test were used to assess neurobehavioral outcomes. Brain tissue loss, WM damage, Endoplasmic reticulum stress (ER stress), and microglia responses were evaluated after TBI. The functional integrity of WM was measured by diffusion tensor imaging (DTI) and transmission electron microscopy (TEM). Primary microglia and oligodendrocyte cocultures were used for additional mechanistic studies. Results: JWH133 increased myelin basic protein (MBP) and neuro lament heavy chain (NF200) levels and anatomic preservation of myelinated axons revealed by DTI and TEM. JWH133 also increased the numbers of oligodendrocyte precursor cells and mature oligodendrocytes. Furthermore, JWH133 drove microglial polarization toward the protective M2 phenotype and modulated the redistribution of microglia in the striatum. Further investigation of the underlying mechanism revealed that JWH133 downregulated phosphorylation of the protein kinase R (PKR)-like endoplasmic reticulum (ER) kinase (PERK) signaling pathway and its downstream signals eukaryotic translation initiation factor 2 α (eIF2α), activating transcription factor 4 (ATF4) and Growth arrest and DNA damage-inducible protein (GADD34); this downregulation was followed by p-Protein kinase B(p-Akt) upregulation. In primary cocultures of microglia and oligodendrocytes, JWH133 decreased phosphorylated PERK expression in microglia stimulated with tunicamycin and facilitated oligodendrocyte survival. These data reveal that JWH133 ultimately alleviates WMI and improves neurological behavior following TBI.Conclusions: This work illustrates the PERK-mediated interaction between microglia and oligodendrocytes. In addition, the results are consistent with recent ndings that microglial polarization switching accelerates WMI, highlighting a previously unexplored role for CB2 agonists. Thus, CB2 agonists are potential therapeutic agents for TBI and other neurological conditions involving white matter destruction.

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Section: Treatment With Jwh133 Improves Cerebral Blood Ow After Tbimentioning

confidence: 99%

Selective activation of cannabinoid receptor-2 reduces white matter injury via PERK signaling in a rat model of traumatic brain injury

Lin

Luo

Shang

et al. 2022

Experimental Neurology

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“…This linkage between the lyrate organ and the oocyte is potentially the missing link which would have allowed for more researchers to accept the extraordinary findings of Tewarson (1983) upon which this study is based (15). Kleptocytotic provisioning of the developing ova of a parasite has not been shown in any other organisms to date (though other parasites have shown the ability to move molecules out of the midgut intact) (43, 44). Further, the complexity and size of the molecules involved in this unique example of reproductive kleptocytosis are remarkable.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Kleptocytosis: A Novel Parasitic Strategy for Accelerated Reproduction via Host Protein Stealing in Varroa destructor

Ramsey¹,

Cook

Gulbronson

et al. 2022

Preprint

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The rapid reproductive capacity of Varroa destructor is among the most significant adaptations underpinning its success as a parasite. To exploit their honey bee host, the parasite must rapidly produce offspring that fully develop into adults and mate in an inflexible 9-day window. Inability to meet this deadline brings the fitness of the foundress mite to zero establishing heavy evolutionary pressure to accelerate reproduction & subsequent development of offspring. Our work fills in gaps in our understanding of a key pathway in this process. Varroa have a poorly-understood ability to pass heretofore unidentified host proteins through their body with minimal digestion/degradation. Via Native-PAGE, we were able to confirm that nine proteins shared with honey bee fat body tissue accumulate intact in the eggs of the foundress mite. As such, we hypothesized that the proteins were several egg yolk precursors synthesized and stored in the fat body. Using antibodies raised against honey bee vitellogenin (Vg) we positively identified this egg yolk precursor via SDS-PAGE and subsequent Western Blot. We then analyzed samples of honey bee fat body tissue, gravid Varroa, so-called phoretic Varroa, and Varroa eggs via HPLC MS/MS to identify the remaining host proteins and determine their relative abundance. We detected egg yolk precursors in the large lipid transfer protein superfamily, in addition to hexamerin storage proteins, and miscellaneous motor/transfer proteins integral to embryonic development (transferrin, myosin heavy chain, and heat shock protein 60). Varroa lack the capacity to produce some of these proteins and instead employ kleptoparasitism on a molecular level to provision their developing ova, a pathway not described in any other host/parasite relationship, hereafter referred to as kleptocytosis. These different families of proteins are normally produced by the female and conveyed to the vitellogenic egg cell through protein specific receptor-mediated pathways. Such pathways would exclude foreign proteins. We hypothesize that the need to rely on a receptor-mediated pathway is circumvented via the specialized nutritive reproductive tissue, the lyrate organ. Through microCT imaging we detail the connection between the developing ovum and this dual-lobed organ. Better understanding of this pathway presents a novel target for Varroa management as the treatment need only accomplish slowing acquisition or deposition of host proteins thereby disrupting the ability of the mite to meet the temporal demand of its host.

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“…In the case of tsetse flies, it is important to mention that upon feeding, the blood meal is stored in a protease-free crop, where a fast dehydration occurs. Strikingly, anti-albumin antibodies that are absorbed into the haemolymph (Nogge and Giannetti, 1979) can have devastating effects on osmoregulation and survival of the tsetse fly if they are provided in a single albumin-free meal (Nogge and Giannetti, 1980). This results in the sequestration of albumin, perturbed sodium and potassium concentrations in the haemolymph and problems with the primary excretion and crop emptying.…”

Section: Transmission Blocking Vaccines: Where Do We Fly From Here?mentioning

confidence: 99%

Current status of vaccination against African trypanosomiasis

et al. 2010

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Anti-trypanosomiasis vaccination still remains the best theoretical option in the fight against a disease that is continuously hovering between its wildlife reservoir and its reservoir in man and livestock. While antigenic variation of the parasite surface coat has been considered the major obstacle in the development of a functional vaccine, recent research into the biology of B cells has indicated that the problems might go further than that. This paper reviews past and current attempts to design both anti-trypanosome vaccines, as well as vaccines directed towards the inhibition of infection-associated pathology.

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Midgut Absorption of Undigested Albumin and Other Proteins by Tsetse, Glossina M. Morsitans (Diptera: Glossinidae)

Cited by 35 publications

References 0 publications

Selective activation of cannabinoid receptor-2 reduces white matter injury via PERK signaling in a rat model of traumatic brain injury

Selective activation of cannabinoid receptor-2 reduces white matter injury via PERK signaling in a rat model of traumatic brain injury

Kleptocytosis: A Novel Parasitic Strategy for Accelerated Reproduction via Host Protein Stealing in Varroa destructor

Current status of vaccination against African trypanosomiasis

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