Midfrontal theta and pupil dilation parametrically track subjective conflict (but also surprise) during intertemporal choice

Lin, Hause; Saunders, Blair; Hutcherson, Cendri A.; Inzlicht, Michael

doi:10.1016/j.neuroimage.2017.10.055

Cited by 67 publications

(89 citation statements)

References 120 publications

(54 reference statements)

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“…Such cognitive conflict seemed to be responsible for the increased pupil size in the early period of the trial and this supports previous research (Lin et al, 2018;Preuschoff et al, 2011;Proulx et al, 2017;Sleegers et al, 2015).…”

Section: Gender Blocksupporting

confidence: 90%

“…Also, incorrect measurements are likely to be recorded 200 ms post-blink. This is caused by opening of eyelids as well as an initial constriction of the pupil that occurs immediately after each blink (Lin et al, 2018). Therefore, all pupil recordings 100 ms preblink and 200 ms post-blink were removed.…”

Section: Resultsmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…Research on changes in pupil size demonstrates that early surprise or expectancy violation evoked by the mere presentation of incongruent stimuli correlates with increased pupil dilation. The increased dilation is associated with heightened attentional arousal, which is linked with neural brain activity of locus-coeruleus norepinephrine system (LC-NE; see Lin et al, 2018). Taken together, these findings emphasize that pupil size is associated with expectancy violation regardless of the type of perceived inconsistencies.…”

Section: Study 7: Investigating Spatial Simulations With Pupillometrymentioning

confidence: 89%

“…Specifically, increased pupil dilations are consistently observed early within trials presenting stimuli that are not consistent with people's expectations. For example, presenting anomalous playing cards (the king of hearts presented in black instead of red), incongruent Stroop and Simon task trials, or Thatcherized faces is sufficient to evoke increased pupil dilations as compared to trials conforming to people's expectations (see e.g., Lin, Saunders, Hutcherson, & Inzlicht, 2018;2 The methodological details of this study are presented in the Supplemental Online Materials. The data and materials are publicly available on the Open Science Framework (https://doi.org/10.17605/OSF.IO/NEQH3).…”

Section: Overview Of Studiesmentioning

confidence: 99%

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Powerful men on top: Stereotypes interact with metaphors in social categorizations.

Zarzeczna¹,

Hecker²,

Proulx³

et al. 2020

Journal of Experimental Psychology: Human Perception and Perfor

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We examined whether people can simultaneously apply two cognitive strategies in social categorizations. Specifically, we tested whether stereotypes concerning social power of gender categories interact with metaphoric power-space links. Based on the conceptual blending perspective suggesting that semantically consistent concepts acquire each other's properties, we predicted the following: Given that stereotypes create expectations linking gender with power, and metaphorically power is linked with vertical space, the conceptual blend of gender-power-space would invoke representations of male targets at the top vertical position when categorizing them as powerful, whilst female targets at the bottom when categorizing them as powerless. Across six studies, we show that the concept of gender is simulated spatially when people attribute power to male, but not female, targets. The predicted power-gender blending involved simulations of men judged as powerful when presented in upper location as opposed to women judged as powerful in upper location and men judged as powerful in lower location. Our hypothesis was further corroborated using pupillometry to assess pre-conscious processing, whereby stereotypically inconsistent orientations of gender and power evoked pupillary markers indicative of surprise. Our studies suggest that gender-power stereotypic expectations interact with the power-space metaphor in social categorizations. Word Count: 15 742 Running head: STEREOTYPES INTERACT WITH METAPHORS 3 Public Significance Statement: These experiments demonstrate that people can simultaneously use more than one mental strategy to facilitate their decision-making about social groups. The application of stereotypes that serve as mental shortcuts in social categorizations is combined with other mental tools, such as linguistic metaphors. People combine stereotypic expectations of gender categories (men are powerful) with metaphoric associations (powerful are at the top) and as a result, men are mentally represented in an upper vertical location. Hence, people's responses are facilitated when categorizing a man, but not a woman, in an upper vertical location. To reduce stereotyping in social categorizations, it is essential to address the impact of supporting mechanisms that interact with stereotypes. Running head: STEREOTYPES INTERACT WITH METAPHORS 4 Powerful men on top: Stereotypes interact with metaphors in social categorizations "Space: Literally it means nothing, a vacuum between stars and planets, but by the same token it means everything. It's what connects all our worlds." -Captain Janeway, StarTrek Voyager1While physical space exists in the distance between objects, space is also a medium that connects abstract ideas within our mental worlds. It provides context for our daily lives and interactions with other individuals. From our early days, we are exposed to physical spatial distances and orientations that are experienced through perceptual and motor capabilities. These experiences help shape our physical and mental ...

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Section: Gender Blocksupporting

confidence: 90%

Section: Resultsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Section: Study 7: Investigating Spatial Simulations With Pupillometrymentioning

confidence: 89%

Section: Overview Of Studiesmentioning

confidence: 99%

See 2 more Smart Citations

Powerful men on top: Stereotypes interact with metaphors in social categorizations.

Zarzeczna¹,

Hecker²,

Proulx³

et al. 2020

Journal of Experimental Psychology: Human Perception and Perfor

View full text Add to dashboard Cite

show abstract

“…Pupils also dilate in response to mental arithmetic 2, 92-98 , decisionmaking and visual backward masking tasks [99][100][101][102][103][104][105][106][107][108][109] and they can reveal the degree of certainty during any selection process, i.e. the more undecided one is, the greater the pupillary diameter [110][111][112][113][114] . Emotions Stimuli causing emotional arousal can be revealed by changes in pupillary diameter.…”

Section: Pico 2: Pupillary Changes Associated With Cognitive and Emotmentioning

confidence: 99%

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Supplemental Information 1: S1 Protocol and Appendix

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Background. The pupillary light reflex is the main mechanism that regulates the pupillary diameter; it is controlled by the autonomic system and mediated by subcortical pathways. In addition, cognitive and emotional processes influence pupillary function due to input from cortical innervation, but the exact circuits remain poorly understood. We performed a systematic review to evaluate the mechanisms behind pupillary changes associated with cognitive efforts and processing of emotions and to investigate the cerebral areas involved in cortical modulation of the pupillary light reflex. Methodology. We searched multiple databases until November 2018 for studies on cortical modulation of pupillary function in humans and non-human primates. Of 8808 papers screened, 252 studies were included. Results. Most investigators focused on pupillary dilatation as an index of cognitive and emotional processing, evaluating how changes in pupillary diameter reflect levels of attention and arousal. Only few tried to correlate specific cerebral areas to pupillary changes, using either cortical activation models (employing micro-stimulation of cortical structures in non-human primates) or cortical lesion models (e.g. investigating patients with stroke and damage to salient cortical and/or subcortical areas). Results suggest involvement of several cortical regions, including the insular cortex, the frontal eye field and the prefrontal cortex, and of subcortical structures such as the locus coeruleus and the superior colliculus. Conclusions. Pupillary dilatation occurs with many kinds of mental or emotional processes, following sympathetic activation or parasympathetic inhibition. This phenomenon is controlled by several subcortical and cortical structures that are directly or indirectly connected to the brainstem pupillary innervation system.

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Choice Repetition Bias in Intertemporal Choice: An Eye‐Tracking Study

Senftleben,

Schoemann,

Scherbaum

2024

Behavioral Decision Making

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Intertemporal choices (i.e., the choice between a sooner available but smaller reward and a later available but larger reward) were initially thought to reflect stable preferences for immediate or delayed rewards. However, recently, it has been shown that intertemporal choices are influenced by factors such as context variables and attentional processes. Here, we investigate if another factor, the choice repetition bias, affects decision making and attentional processes in intertemporal choice. The choice repetition bias is characterized by the tendency to repeat previous choices and to be slower when switching to an alternative choice. In a series of two experiments (including a preregistered, eye‐tracking study), we find that the choice repetition bias exists in intertemporal choice. We also find tentative support for an early attentional bias towards the favored attribute dimension of the previous choice; however, this effect disappears when taking the whole decision process into account. This finding raises interesting questions about the cognitive processes underlying the choice repetition bias. In addition, we successfully replicate other attentional effects from the intertemporal choice literature (e.g., more fixations on monetary dimension, gaze cascade effect).

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Midfrontal theta and pupil dilation parametrically track subjective conflict (but also surprise) during intertemporal choice

Cited by 67 publications

References 120 publications

Powerful men on top: Stereotypes interact with metaphors in social categorizations.

Powerful men on top: Stereotypes interact with metaphors in social categorizations.

Untitled

Choice Repetition Bias in Intertemporal Choice: An Eye‐Tracking Study

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