Midfacial Fractures in Pediatric Patients: Frequency, Characteristics, and Causes

Iizuka, Tetsuya; Thorén, Hanna; Annino, Donald J.; Hallikainen, Dorrit; Lindqvist, Christian

doi:10.1001/archotol.1995.01890120026005

Cited by 76 publications

(56 citation statements)

References 15 publications

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“…They are rare below age 5 (0.6-1.4%) 3,8,10,21,45,49,64,68,83,88,96,99 and their incidence rises as children begin school 7,83,90 . Another peak in incidence occurs during puberty and adolescence with increased unsupervised physical activity and sports 3,8,48,96,107,108,117,133 . Seasonal variations are reported with peak frequencies during summer months (except for skiing injuries) when outdoor activity is greatest 21,33,48,90 .…”

Section: Epidemiology Of Facial Fractures In Children Incidencementioning

confidence: 99%

“…This male preponderance, which has remained constant over time 123 , ranges from 1.1:1 to 8.5:1 3,7,9,10,20,21,29,34,36,41,42,[47][48][49]55,57,62,69,71,76,83,88,90,104,108,110,116,117,119,133,134 and has been attributed to greater and more dangerous physical activities among boys 19,[90][91][92]134 . In younger age groups, gender differences are less significant and the etiologies are similar in both sexes.…”

Section: Gendermentioning

confidence: 99%

“…In infants and preschool children (up to age 6 years), falls in the home environment are the most common etiology of facial fractures 17,21,48,49,55,57,109,134 . With increasing age and outdoor exposure, falls tend to occur outside the protected area of the home and parental supervision 83 .…”

Section: Etiologymentioning

confidence: 99%

“…As motor skills improve, sporting injuries become more common. Most sportsrelated facial fractures occur in children 10-14 years of age 20,39,48,91,110,111,113 .…”

Section: Etiologymentioning

confidence: 99%

“…MVA), are rare 52,55,64,69,83,96,99,103 . Zygomatic complex fractures are the most frequent, after maxillary alveolar and nasal injuries 48,52,102 . Le Fort fractures (at all levels) are uncommon and are almost never seen before age 2.…”

Section: Site and Patternmentioning

confidence: 99%

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Pediatric facial fractures: recent advances in prevention, diagnosis and management

Zimmermann

Troulis

Kaban

2005

International Journal of Oral and Maxillofacial Surgery

159

290

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During the last 25 years, there have been considerable advances in the prevention, diagnosis and management of craniomaxillofacial injuries in children. When compared to adults, the pattern of fractures and frequency of associated injuries are similar but the overall incidence is much lower. Diagnosis is more difficult than in adults and fractures are easily overlooked. Clinical diagnosis is best confirmed by computed tomographic (CT) scans. Treatment is usually performed without delay and can be limited to observation or closed reduction in non-displaced or minimally displaced fractures. Operative management should involve minimal manipulation and may be modified by the stage of skeletal and dental development. Open reduction and rigid internal fixation is indicated for severely displaced fractures. Primary bone grafting is preferred over secondary reconstruction and alloplastic materials should be avoided when possible. Children require long-term follow-up to monitor potential growth abnormalities. This article is a review of the epidemiology, diagnosis and management of facial fractures in children.

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Section: Epidemiology Of Facial Fractures In Children Incidencementioning

confidence: 99%

Section: Gendermentioning

confidence: 99%

Section: Etiologymentioning

confidence: 99%

“…As motor skills improve, sporting injuries become more common. Most sportsrelated facial fractures occur in children 10-14 years of age 20,39,48,91,110,111,113 .…”

Section: Etiologymentioning

confidence: 99%