“…Such 'lateral' variants include, for example, highly developed tribal confederations (such as the Iroquois), super-complex caste-clan systems, as well as various developed tribal forms of some nomadic and agricultural mountain peoples (especially in the Near and Middle East and North Africa). Such polities were often 'lateral' (alternative or analogous) forms of relatively complex chiefdoms and early states and existed in their niches for quite a long time, completely replacing the state structures which eventually substituted them (for more details, see Korotayev 1993Korotayev , 1994Korotayev , 1995Korotayev , 1996Korotayev , 2000aKorotayev , 2000bKorotayev , 2003aKorotayev , 2003bKorotayev , 2006Korotayev , 2020aKorotayev , 2021Korotayev, Kradin et al 2000;Grinin 2003cGrinin , 20042012;Grinin, Korotayev 2009b, 2011Carneiro, Grinin, Korotayev 2017).…”