Middle Phanerozoic mass extinctions and a tribute to the work of Professor Tony Hallam

Wignall, Paul B.; Schootbrugge, Bas van de

doi:10.1017/s0016756815000199

Cited by 3 publications

(2 citation statements)

References 61 publications

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“…The TJ-transition is known to be associated with substantial sea-level changes, the regression-transgression couplet first described by Hallam (1981). This profoundly affected deposition of strata within the European Epicontinental Seaway (EES), but is also recognized along the northern margin of the Tethys and needs to be taken into account when correlating TJB successions (Hallam and Wignall, 1999;Wignall and van de Schootbrugge, 2016). Since the first and last occurrences of taxa can be affected by differences in depositional environment and preservation, as well as sampling biases, correlation of TJB strata herein is based on a combination of multiple marine and terrestrial biostratigraphic events.…”

Section: Methods and Means Of Correlationmentioning

confidence: 99%

A new correlation of Triassic–Jurassic boundary successions in NW Europe, Nevada and Peru, and the Central Atlantic Magmatic Province: A time-line for the end-Triassic mass extinction

Lindström

Schootbrugge

Hansen

et al. 2017

Palaeogeography, Palaeoclimatology, Palaeoecology

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108

107

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Understanding the end-Triassic mass extinction event (201.36 Ma) requires a clear insight into the stratigraphy of boundary sections, which allows for long-distance correlations and correct distinction of the sequence of events. However, even after the ratification of a Global Stratotype Section and Point, global correlations of TJB successions are hampered by the fact that many of the traditionally used fossil groups were severely affected by the crisis. Here, a new correlation of key TJB successions in Europe, U.S.A. and Peru, based on a combination of biotic (palynology and ammonites), geochemical (δ 13 C org ) and radiometric (U/Pb ages) constraints, is presented. This new correlation has an impact on the causality and temporal development during the end-Triassic event. It challenges the hitherto used standard correlation, which has formed the basis for a hypothesis that the extinction was caused by more or less instantaneous release of large quantities of light carbon (methane) to the atmosphere, with catastrophic global warming as a consequence. The new correlation instead advocates a more prolonged scenario with a series of feedback mechanisms, as it indicates that the bulk of the hitherto dated, high-titanium, quartz normalized volcanism of the Central Atlantic Magmatic Province (CAMP) preceded or was contemporaneous to the onset of the mass extinction. In addition, the maximum phase of the mass extinction, which affected both the terrestrial and marine ecosystems, was associated with a major regression and repeated, enhanced earthquake activity in Europe. A subsequent transgression resulted in the formation of hiati or condensed successions in many areas in Europe. Later phases of volcanic activity of the CAMP, producing low titanium, quartz normalized and high-iron, quartz normalized basaltic rocks, continued close to the first occurrence of Jurassic ammonites and the defined TJB. During this time the terrestrial ecosystem had begun to recover, but the marine ecosystem remained disturbed.

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Section: Methods and Means Of Correlationmentioning

confidence: 99%

A new correlation of Triassic–Jurassic boundary successions in NW Europe, Nevada and Peru, and the Central Atlantic Magmatic Province: A time-line for the end-Triassic mass extinction

Lindström

Schootbrugge

Hansen

et al. 2017

Palaeogeography, Palaeoclimatology, Palaeoecology

Self Cite

108

107

View full text Add to dashboard Cite

show abstract

“…With regards to the duration of the end-Triassic extinction, many workers argue that the extinction occurred over a prolonged interval marked by a series of discrete extinction events during Carnian–Rhaetian, rather than a single mass extinction at the end of the Rhaetian Age (Benton, 1986; Hallam, 2002; Tanner, Lucas & Chapman, 2004; Bambach, 2006; Lucas & Tanner, 2008, 2015; Wignall & van de Schootbrugge, 2016); studies on the Late Triassic ecosystem therefore form a very important role for better understanding the environmental changes prior to the end-Triassic extinction event.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Late Triassic ecosystem variations inferred by palynological records from Hechuan, southern Sichuan Basin, China

Wang

Vajda

et al. 2017

Geol. Mag.

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-The Late Triassic deposits of the Sichuan Basin, southwestern China are significant for hosting abundant and diverse fossil assemblages including plants (containing spores and pollen), bivalves and insects. However, the Late Triassic palaeoecological variations are still poorly documented in this region. Here we present results from a palynological study from the Upper Triassic Xujiahe Formation in Hechuan of Chongqing, southern Sichuan Basin. The palynological analysis revealed a well-preserved terrestrial palynoflora of high diversity, comprising 184 species in 75 genera of spores and pollen. Three palynological assemblages were recognized, reflecting terrestrial successions throughout the entire interval with significant changes in the vegetation. Cycads/bennettites/ginkgophytes and conifers show an increasing trend into younger deposits, while ferns and lycopsids decrease in relative abundance. The Late Triassic vegetation underwent changes from lowland fern forest to a mixed forest with more canopy trees. We applied the Spore-pollen Morphological Group (SMG) method and Sporomorph EcoGroup (SEG) model to interpret the palaeoclimate features. The results reveal that the lower part of the Xujiahe Formation was deposited under relatively warm and humid conditions with an overall cooling and drying trend from latest Norian to Rhaetian time, accompanied by a general decrease of ferns and simultaneous increase of gymnosperms, and a decline in diversity of miospores. This study presents data on variations within the terrestrial ecosystem prior to the end-Triassic extinction event in the Sichuan Basin, and therefore provides important information for understanding the changes in the vegetation preceding the end-Triassic event.

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Sedimentological and paleoecological aspects of the Norian–Rhaetian transition (Late Triassic) in the Xuanhan area of the Sichuan Basin, Southwest China

et al. 2019

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Middle Phanerozoic mass extinctions and a tribute to the work of Professor Tony Hallam

Abstract: Tony Hallam's contributions to mass extinction studies span more 10 than 50 years and this thematic issue provides an opportunity to pay tribute to 11 the many pioneering contributions he has made to this field. Early work (

Cited by 3 publications

References 61 publications

A new correlation of Triassic–Jurassic boundary successions in NW Europe, Nevada and Peru, and the Central Atlantic Magmatic Province: A time-line for the end-Triassic mass extinction

A new correlation of Triassic–Jurassic boundary successions in NW Europe, Nevada and Peru, and the Central Atlantic Magmatic Province: A time-line for the end-Triassic mass extinction

Late Triassic ecosystem variations inferred by palynological records from Hechuan, southern Sichuan Basin, China

Sedimentological and paleoecological aspects of the Norian–Rhaetian transition (Late Triassic) in the Xuanhan area of the Sichuan Basin, Southwest China

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