Middle Bronze Age Zincirli: The Date of “Hilani I” and the End of Middle Bronze II

Herrmann, Virginia R.; Schloen, David

doi:10.1086/711911

Cited by 4 publications

(6 citation statements)

References 19 publications

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“…Our stratigraphically informed sequence comprises: A group of samples (Phase in OxCal) from fill for the Phase 4 structures, which contain material from an earlier period of the Middle Bronze Age in a secondary context; The period of Phase 4 before its destruction—although we have no samples from this period, we treat it as a Phase and can quantify its calendar dates and duration with OxCal Date and Interval queries; A group of samples (Phase in OxCal) on short-lived materials deriving from the burnt destruction deposits of Phase 4 (end MB II in Area 2), including one clearly residual sample (OxA-36326); and Later reoccupation of Area 2 in Iron Age II (Phase 2b, called 3N in Herrmann & Schloen 2021: tab. 1), treated as a Phase.…”

Section: Methodsmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…Finally, Ḫ attusili's successor, Mursili I (conventionally, hMC c. 1620-1590 BC), was long assumed to have destroyed Ebla (Mardikh IIIB2, with final MB II ceramic assemblage apparently slightly later than Alalakh VII) as part of his campaign(s) against Aleppo, but the excavator more recently has attributed the city's destruction to Pizikarra of Nineveh (hypothetically, Mursili's ally) (Matthiae 2007). Close ceramic parallels between these three sites and the Zincirli MB II destruction make it highly probable that Zincirli was also destroyed at the time of these Hittite campaigns, probably during the attack on Zalb/war (Herrmann & Schloen 2021).…”

Section: Comparison With Northern Levantine Sitesmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…Zincirli sits in the İslahiye Valley at a control point linking the Northern Levant with the Anatolian Plateau (Figure 1a). Nineteenthcentury excavations revealed the Iron Age city of Sam'al, dated to c. 900-600 BC (Wartke 2005; Figure 3), while the current expedition is investigating earlier strata, including a destruction phase towards the end of MB II (Herrmann & Schloen 2021). Middle Bronze Age Zincirli was probably an outpost of Tilmen Höyük, a fortified palatial centre 8km to the south-likely the city Zalwar or Zalba(r) (Forlanini 1985: 55;Miller & Corti 2017; Figure 1a).…”

Section: Middle Bronze Age Zincirlimentioning

confidence: 99%

“…Nineteenth-century excavations revealed the Iron Age city of Sam'al, dated to c . 900–600 BC (Wartke 2005; Figure 3), while the current expedition is investigating earlier strata, including a destruction phase towards the end of MB II (Herrmann & Schloen 2021).

Figure 3.Plan of Zincirli, showing structures excavated 1888–1894 (von Luschan et al .…”

Section: Middle Bronze Age Zincirlimentioning

confidence: 99%

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New evidence for Middle Bronze Age chronology from the Syro-Anatolian frontier

et al. 2023

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Dates differ by up to 150 years in the protracted debate around the chronology of the Middle Bronze Age Near East. Here, the authors present radiocarbon and ceramic evidence from destroyed buildings at Zincirli, Türkiye, that support the Middle Chronology. Ceramics from late Middle Bronze Age sites in Syria and Anatolia, and Bayesian modelling of 18 well-stratified radiocarbon samples from site destruction contexts attributable to Hittite king Ḫattusili I, indicate a date in the later seventeenth century BC. Since the Northern Levant connects the Mesopotamian and Eastern Mediterranean second-millennium BC chronologies, this evidence supports the convergence of these long-debated schemas, with implications for the start of the Late Bronze Age and the rise of empires.

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Section: Methodsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Section: Comparison With Northern Levantine Sitesmentioning

confidence: 99%

Section: Middle Bronze Age Zincirlimentioning

confidence: 99%

Figure 3.Plan of Zincirli, showing structures excavated 1888–1894 (von Luschan et al .…”

Section: Middle Bronze Age Zincirlimentioning

confidence: 99%

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New evidence for Middle Bronze Age chronology from the Syro-Anatolian frontier

et al. 2023

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“… 23 This preliminary interpretation is somewhat at odds with the monumentality of the architecture: Hilani I, which has recently been recognized as part of the Middle Bronze Age stratum, is larger than any of the buildings at neighboring Tilmen Höyük, for example; architectural parallels suggest it may have been a temple: see Herrmann and Schloen forthcoming.…”

mentioning

confidence: 99%

WINE FROM MAMMA:ALLUḪARUM-POTS IN 17^TH-CENTURYbcTRADE NETWORKS

Morgan¹,

Richardson²

2020

Iraq

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New evidence allows us to demonstrate that a regional trade connected North Syria with both central Anatolia and Babylonia well into the 17th-Century bc. Archaeological evidence indicates that a specific type of vessel, the globular flask, was produced at Zincirli Höyük in the mid-17th century for the purpose of storing and transporting wine. The simultaneous appearance of these vessels as far afield as Kültepe and Sippar-Amnānum lines up with Late Old Babylonian attestations of alluḫarum-pots in 17th-c. texts from Sippar, Babylon, and Dūr-Abiešuḫ. These, we argue, must refer to the same vessels called aluārum in earlier Old Assyrian texts from Kültepe from the 19th century. Taken together, this evidence points towards the existence of a previously unsuspected trade network centered on the ancient Syrian state of Mamma that thrived in the decades between the collapse of the Old Assyrian Trade Network and the accession of Hattušili I. Through a dialogue between textual and archaeological materials, we are not only able to reveal the persistence of long-distance exchange for a century previously believed to lack it, but provide more context for the political transformations taking place at the end of the Middle Bronze Age.

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An estate at Zincirli? Land use and resource exploitation at the Middle Bronze Age monumental building Complex DD in Zincirli, Gaziantep Province of Turkey

Deckers

Karakaya

Poolman

et al. 2023

Archaeol Anthropol Sci

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Near Eastern monumental buildings once hosted institutions with a variety of economic and environmental footprints. In this article examining a Middle Bronze Age II (seventeenth century BC) building complex at Zincirli, Turkey, we integrate bioarchaeological remains with ceramic and artifactual evidence to evaluate whether this building was a specialized node in a broader network and centralized economy. Combining seed/fruit/chaff analysis with charcoal, phytolith, diatom, and spherulite investigations and zooarchaeology allows for a more holistic identification of the building’s environmental and economic catchments. The pronounced presence of conifer, probably related to the building’s architecture, suggests an elite function of the complex. A broad range of activities took place within the complex, such as the preparation, storage, and consumption of different food and drink products, alongside craft activities. There is evidence for centralized storage of diverse crops and production of wine and textiles. The building seems to have functioned as a kind of estate, possessing access to large areas of land. The bioarchaeological remains evidence the exploitation of the varied environments surrounding the site, where economically valuable resources were locally available and exploited, such as cedar, pine, grapes, and large hunting game. Complex DD provides evidence of wetland exploitation, agropastoral production, wood procurement, and hunting in the semi-steppe batha environments of the Islahiye plain and the woodland forests of the Amanus.

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Middle Bronze Age Zincirli: The Date of “Hilani I” and the End of Middle Bronze II

Cited by 4 publications

References 19 publications

New evidence for Middle Bronze Age chronology from the Syro-Anatolian frontier

New evidence for Middle Bronze Age chronology from the Syro-Anatolian frontier

WINE FROM MAMMA:ALLUḪARUM-POTS IN 17^TH-CENTURYbcTRADE NETWORKS

An estate at Zincirli? Land use and resource exploitation at the Middle Bronze Age monumental building Complex DD in Zincirli, Gaziantep Province of Turkey

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Middle Bronze Age Zincirli: The Date of “Hilani I” and the End of Middle Bronze II

Cited by 4 publications

References 19 publications

New evidence for Middle Bronze Age chronology from the Syro-Anatolian frontier

New evidence for Middle Bronze Age chronology from the Syro-Anatolian frontier

WINE FROM MAMMA:ALLUḪARUM-POTS IN 17TH-CENTURYbcTRADE NETWORKS

An estate at Zincirli? Land use and resource exploitation at the Middle Bronze Age monumental building Complex DD in Zincirli, Gaziantep Province of Turkey

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WINE FROM MAMMA:ALLUḪARUM-POTS IN 17^TH-CENTURYbcTRADE NETWORKS