“…It has long been known that electrical stimulation of certain regions of the avian midbrain, collectively known as the ''midbrain call area,'' can elicit vocalizations (e.g., Popa and Popa, 1933;Lan, 1958;Brown, 1965Brown, , 1971Murphy and Phillips, 1967; Potash, 1970a,b;Delius, 1971;Peek and Phillips, 1971;Seller, 1980;Jahnke and Abs, 1982;Li and Lan, 1990). The most effective sites, i.e., those where vocalization can be elicited with the smallest amounts of current, correspond to a nuclear component of the intercollicular complex (ICo) in close proximity to rostral levels of the inferior colliculus, known as nucleus mesencephalicus lateralis, pars dorsalis (MLd).…”