Mid-term (2009-2019) demographic dynamics of young beech forest in Albongbunji Basin, Ulleungdo, South Korea

Abstract

Background The stem exclusion stage is a stage of forest development that is important for understanding the subsequent understory reinitiation stage and maturation stage during which horizontal heterogeneity is formed. Over the past 11 years (2009–2019), we observed a deciduous broad-leaved forest in the Albongbunji Basin in Ulleungdo, South Korea in its stem exclusion stage, where Fagus engleriana (Engler’s beech) is the dominant species, thereby analyzing the changes in the structure (density and size distributions), function (biomass and species richness), and demographics. Results The mean stem density data presented a bell-shaped curve with initially increasing, peaking, and subsequently decreasing trends in stem density over time, and the mean biomass data showed a sigmoidal pattern indicating that the rate of biomass accumulation slowed over time. Changes in the density and biomass of Fagus engleriana showed a similar trend to the changes in density and biomass at the community level, which is indicative of the strong influence of this species on the changing patterns of forest structure and function. Around 2015, a shift between recruitment and mortality rates was observed. Deterministic processes were the predominant cause of tree mortality in our study; however, soil deposition that began in 2017 in some of the quadrats resulted in an increase in the contribution of stochastic processes (15% in 2019) to tree mortality. The development of horizontal heterogeneity was observed in forest gaps. Conclusions Our observations showed a dramatic shift between the recruitment and mortality rates in the stem exclusion stage, and that disturbance increases the uncertainty in forest development increases. The minor changes in species composition are likely linked to regional species pool and the limited role of the life-history strategy of species such as shade tolerance and habitat affinity. Our midterm records of ecological succession exhibited detailed demographic dynamics and contributed to the improvement of an ecological perspective in the stem exclusion stage.

Processes driving understory community dynamics in Ulleungdo Island broadleaved forest, South Korea

“…The thick sedimentary layers are created by mass movement during intense rainfall events . At the observation site, the average extent of soil deposition from 2009 to 2019 was 22.2 ± 26.0 cm (n = 538) aboveground (Cho et al, 2020).…”

“…Continuous observations are necessary to determine whether sediment transport within the Albongbunji Basin exhibits repetitive characteristics as a disturbance regime and how such disturbances are involved in the regeneration process of the trees, including the dominant Engler's beech. The successional sequence of the study site was assessed to be transitioning from the stem exclusion stage to the understory re-initiation stage, in which there is regeneration of tree species from the overstory and forest stand continuity is established (Cho et al, 2020;Franklin et al, 2002).…”