Mid-life women: Relation of age and role to personality.

Erdwins, Carol J.; Mellinger, Jeanne C.

doi:10.1037/0022-3514.47.2.390

Cited by 14 publications

(7 citation statements)

References 16 publications

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“…24 Whatever the mechanism, the present study suggests that upper-middleclass women working outside the home have more favorable heart disease risk factors than unemployed women. Given that almost 80% of the employed women studied were working as professionals, managers, or administrators, these data do not support prior predictions that, as women attain male professional-or executive-level occupations, they will also acquire male coronary heart disease risk and mortality rates.…”

Section: Methodsmentioning

confidence: 86%

Employment status and heart disease risk factors in middle-aged women: the Rancho Bernardo Study.

Kritz‐Silverstein

Wingard²,

Barrett‐Connor³

1992

Am J Public Health

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BACKGROUND. In recent years, an increasing number of women have been entering the labor force. It is known that in men, employment is related to heart disease risk, but there are few studies examining this association among women. METHODS. The relation between employment status and heart disease risk factors including lipid and lipoprotein levels, systolic and diastolic blood pressure, fasting and postchallenge plasma glucose and insulin levels, was examined in 242 women aged 40 to 59 years, who were participants in the Rancho Bernardo Heart and Chronic Disease Survey. At the time of a follow-up clinic visit between 1984 and 1987, 46.7% were employed, primarily in managerial positions. RESULTS. Employed women smoked fewer cigarettes, drank less alcohol, and exercised more than unemployed women, but these differences were not statistically significant. After adjustment for covariates, employed women had significantly lower total cholesterol and fasting plasma glucose levels than unemployed women. Differences on other biological variables, although not statistically significant, also favored the employed women. CONCLUSIONS. Results of this study suggest that middle-aged women employed in managerial positions are healthier than unemployed women.

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Section: Methodsmentioning

confidence: 86%

Employment status and heart disease risk factors in middle-aged women: the Rancho Bernardo Study.

Kritz‐Silverstein

Wingard²,

Barrett‐Connor³

1992

Am J Public Health

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“…Reentry students have scored lower than have homemakers on measures of affiliation (Erdwins & Mellinger, 1984;Erdwins et al, 1982; and responsibility (Erdwins & Mellinger, 1984;. Reentry women have Padula also exhibited a less internalized locus of control than have single career women and married career women (Erdwins & Mellinger, 1984;.…”

Section: Personalitymentioning

confidence: 90%

“…Reentry women have been found to be more concerned with independent activity, as measured by the California Personality Inventory (CPI; Gough, 1975), as compared with homemakers, married career women, and single career women (Erdwins & Mellinger, 1984, 1985 and as compared with traditional unmarried students (Erdwins et al, 1982). Reentry women have also scored significantly higher on measures of achievement motivation (Erdwins et al, 1982;Pickering & Galvin-Schaefers, 1988) than have traditional students and married career women (Erdwins & Mellinger, 1984), but were not found to differ from homemakers in one study (Erdwins, Tyer, & Mellinger, 1980). As compared with traditional students, reentry women have also been found to exhibit less ambivalent attitudes toward achievement (Freilino & Hummel, 1985).…”

Section: Personalitymentioning

confidence: 99%

Reentry Women: A Literature Review With Recommendations for Counseling and Research

Padula

1994

Jour of Counseling & Develop

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This article is a comprehensive literature review of the research regarding reentry women for 1980 to 1990, with recommendations for counseling and research. The article is divided into the following sections: (a) reentry trends; (b) general characteristics; (c) reasons for reentry; (d) personality; (e) role, values, and family; (f) satisfaction in the student role; (g) career choice; (h) reentry women after graduation; (i) research limitations; (j) research recommendations; and (k) conclusion. Research replications were found to be very limited and restricted to four areas: (a) reasons for reentry, (b) personality, (c) family variables, and (d) career choice.

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“…The coefficient of .36 for the Cs (Capacity for Status) scale is of particular interest, because one of the aims of this measure is to forecast achieved level of socioeconomic status. Erdwins and Mellinger (1984) studied women in two midlife age ranges (29-39 and 40-55) and four role groups (homemaker, married/career, single/career, and reentry student). Five psychological tests were given to the Ss, including the CPI.…”

Section: ) Folk Scales and The Full Profilementioning

confidence: 99%

Career Assessment and the California Psychological Inventory

Gough¹

1995

Journal of Career Assessment

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The CPI is a 462-item inventory, scored for 20 folk measures, 3 vectors, and 13 optional special-purpose scales. Its goal is to furnish a veridical picture of any individual, stressing descriptors easily recognized and used by ordinary people in everyday life. In 1987, a theoretical three-vector model of personality was introduced, based on two basic orientations (toward people and toward societal values), and a third independent theme reflecting ego integration. Four lifestyles termed the Alpha, Beta, Gamma, and Delta are defined, each having seven possible levels of realization or integration. In regard to careers, Alphas seek and do best in managerial and leadership roles, Betas function well in supportive/ancillary positions, and Gammas look for and are adept in creating change. Deltas work best alone, in fields such as art, literature, and (depending on their ability) mathematics.The primary purpose of the California Psychological Inventory (CPI; Gough, 1987) is to furnish information in a user-friendly way from which an insightful interpreter can construct a meaningful and veridical picture of the person tested. The portrait evolved should be one that friends and acquaintances will recognize as accurate, that can be used as the basis for predictions about significant future behavior, and to account for past actions. Central to this formulation is the notion of a single individual whose selfpresentation in the test protocol is to be interpreted in an interpersonally relevant manner by a trained and empathic counselor or psychologist.Nomothetic information in the form of statistical treatment of data from aggregates, correlations with other tests, depiction of factor structure, and all of the other things that go into contemporary quantitative analyses will always be of interest, but will count for little unless case studies of individuals show the inventory to be accurate in characterizing people one at a time.One of the five axioms governing the construction and validation of the CPI specifies folk concepts as the units of measurement. A folk concept is, simply, a term that people everywhere use easily and regularly in daily life to describe and account for their own behavior and that of others. Examples from the profiled scales of the CPI include dominance, sociability, selfcontrol, and flexibility. Although all of the 20 scales on the profile sheet have their own theory, research history, and subtleties of meaning, the first implication of each is to identify an attribute that anyone can recognize.Published and copyright

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Mid-life women: Relation of age and role to personality.

Cited by 14 publications

References 16 publications

Employment status and heart disease risk factors in middle-aged women: the Rancho Bernardo Study.

Employment status and heart disease risk factors in middle-aged women: the Rancho Bernardo Study.

Reentry Women: A Literature Review With Recommendations for Counseling and Research

Career Assessment and the California Psychological Inventory

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