Mid-altitude wind measurements with mobile Rayleigh Doppler lidar incorporating system-level optical frequency control method

Xia, Haiyun; Dou, Xiankang; Sun, Dongsong; Shu, Zhifeng; Han, Yan; Hu, D.; Han, Yanling; Cheng, Tingdi

doi:10.1364/oe.20.015286

Cited by 65 publications

(45 citation statements)

References 35 publications

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“…Resolving the Doppler shift is technically challenging and wind lidars are therefore sophisticated instruments. While sodium resonance lidars yield wind speeds in the sodium layer between about 80 and 105 km altitude (e.g., Liu et al, 2002;She et al, 2002;Franke et al, 2005;Yuan et al, 2012), Rayleigh lidars mainly cover altitudes below 50 km (e.g., Tepley, 1994;Friedman et al, 1997;Souprayen et al, 1999;Huang et al, 2009;Xia et al, 2012). Reports about regular wind measurements by lidar are scarce: Tepley (1994) presents winds between 10 and 60 km altitude, derived during 43 nights at the tropical site Arecibo; Souprayen et al (1999) derived horizontal winds during 170 nights in the altitude range 8-50 km at midlatitudes; regular observations of horizontal winds with sodium resonance lidars (80-105 km) were presented by Franke et al (2005) and Yuan et al (2012) for tropical and midlatitudes, respectively.…”

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confidence: 99%

Winds and temperatures of the Arctic middle atmosphere during January measured by Doppler lidar

et al. 2017

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Abstract. We present an extensive data set of simultaneous temperature and wind measurements in the Arctic middle atmosphere. It consists of more than 300 h of Doppler Rayleigh lidar observations obtained during three January seasons (2012, 2014, and 2015) and covers the altitude range from 30 km up to about 85 km. The data set reveals large yearto-year variations in monthly mean temperatures and winds, which in 2012 are affected by a sudden stratospheric warming. The temporal evolution of winds and temperatures after that warming are studied over a period of 2 weeks, showing an elevated stratopause and the reformation of the polar vortex. The monthly mean temperatures and winds are compared to data extracted from the Integrated Forecast System of the European Centre for Medium-Range Weather Forecasts (ECMWF) and the Horizontal Wind Model (HWM07). Lidar and ECMWF data show good agreement of mean zonal and meridional winds below ≈ 55 km altitude, but we also find mean temperature, zonal wind, and meridional wind differences of up to 20 K, 20 m s −1 , and 5 m s −1 , respectively. Differences between lidar observations and HWM07 data are up to 30 m s −1 . From the fluctuations of temperatures and winds within single nights we extract the potential and kinetic gravity wave energy density (GWED) per unit mass. It shows that the kinetic GWED is typically 5 to 10 times larger than the potential GWED, the total GWED increases with altitude with a scale height of ≈ 16 km. Since temporal fluctuations of winds and temperatures are underestimated in ECMWF, the total GWED is underestimated as well by a factor of 3-10 above 50 km altitude. Similarly, we estimate the energy density per unit mass for largescale waves (LWED) from the fluctuations of nightly mean temperatures and winds. The total LWED is roughly constant with altitude. The ratio of kinetic to potential LWED varies with altitude over 2 orders of magnitude. LWEDs from ECMWF data show results similar to the lidar data. From the comparison of GWED and LWED, it follows that largescale waves carry about 2 to 5 times more energy than gravity waves.

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Winds and temperatures of the Arctic middle atmosphere during January measured by Doppler lidar

et al. 2017

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“…There are quite a few publications of wind measurements with sodium lidars between 85 and 105 km altitude (Liu et al, 2002;She et al, 2002;Williams et al, 2004) and only a few about wind measurements up to the stratopause using Rayleigh scattering (Tepley, 1994;Friedman et al, 1997;Souprayen et al, 1999;Huang et al, 2009;Xia et al, 2012). Even fewer observations are published about wind measurements covering the altitude range from the stratopause to the upper mesosphere (Baumgarten, 2010).…”

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confidence: 99%

Combined wind measurements by two different lidar instruments in the Arctic middle atmosphere

et al. 2012

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Abstract. During a joint campaign in January 2009, the Rayleigh/Mie/Raman (RMR) lidar and the sodium lidar at the ALOMAR Observatory (69 • N, 16 • E) in Northern Norway were operated simultaneously for more than 40 h, collecting data for wind measurements in the middle atmosphere from 30 up to 110 km altitude. As both lidars share the same receiving telescopes, the upper altitude range of the RMR lidar and the lower altitude range of the sodium lidar overlap in the altitude region of ≈ 80-85 km. For this overlap region we are thus able to present the first simultaneous wind measurements derived from two different lidar instruments. The comparison of winds derived by RMR and sodium lidar is excellent for long integration times of 10 h as well as shorter ones of 1 h. Combination of data from both lidars allows identifying wavy structures between 30 and 110 km altitude, whose amplitudes increase with height. We have also performed vertical wind measurements and measurements of the same horizontal wind component using two independent lasers and telescopes of the RMR lidar and show how to use this data to calibrate and validate the wind retrieval. For the latter configuration we found a good agreement of the results but also identified inhomogeneities in the horizontal wind at about 55 km altitude of up to 20 ms −1 for an integration time of nearly 4 h. Such small-scale inhomogeneities in the horizontal wind field are an essential challenge when comparing data from different instruments.

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“…[5][6][7][8][20][21][22][23][24][25] The molecular signal with Doppler shifts is spectrally broadened due to the random thermal motion of the molecules and Brillouin scattering. [26][27][28][29] As shown in Fig.…”

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Analysis on wind retrieval methods for Rayleigh Doppler lidar

et al. 2013

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Abstract. A modification method is described for Rayleigh Doppler lidar wind retrieval. Compared to the double-edge theory of Korb et al. [Appl. Opt. 38, 432 (1999)] and the retrieval algorithm of Chanin et al. [Geophys. Res. Lett. 16, 1273(1989], it has a greater sensitivity. The signal-to-noise ratio of the energy monitor channel is involved in error estimation. When the splitting ratio of the two signal channels is 1.2, which usually happened during wind detection, it will improve the measurement accuracy by about 1% at 30 km altitude for a Doppler shift of 250 MHz (44 m∕s). Stabilities of retrieval methods, i.e., errors caused by the spectrum width deviation including laser pulse, Rayleigh backscatter, and filter transmission curve are first discussed. The proposed method increases the resultant precision by about 15% at 30-km altitude assuming an 8-MHz deviation in full width at half maximum of the Fabry-Perot interferometer. © The Authors. Published by SPIE under a Creative Commons Attribution 3.0 Unported License. Distribution or reproduction of this work in whole or in part requires full attribution of the original publication, including its DOI.

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Mid-altitude wind measurements with mobile Rayleigh Doppler lidar incorporating system-level optical frequency control method

Cited by 65 publications

References 35 publications

Winds and temperatures of the Arctic middle atmosphere during January measured by Doppler lidar

Winds and temperatures of the Arctic middle atmosphere during January measured by Doppler lidar

Combined wind measurements by two different lidar instruments in the Arctic middle atmosphere

Analysis on wind retrieval methods for Rayleigh Doppler lidar

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