Microwave synthesizer using an on-chip Brillouin oscillator

Li, Jiang; Lee, Hansuek; Vahala, Kerry J.

doi:10.1038/ncomms3097

Cited by 305 publications

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“…In prior work, low noise optical pumping has been shown to enable observation of the fundamental Brillouin noise in resonators like those studied here [15,22]. These pumping conditions are used here to observe the fundamental noise.…”

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“…In silicon waveguides, the use of confinement to enhance amplification has been studied [20]. SBS is also a powerful tool for integrated photonics signal processing [21][22][23], and it has been applied to realize a chip-based optical gyroscope [24]. Moreover, at radio-frequency rates, the SBS damping rate is low enough in certain systems to enable cavity optomechanical effects [25] including optomechanical cooling [26] and optomechanical-induced transparency [27].…”

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confidence: 99%

“…1(e). As described elsewhere [22] the phase noise of this beat signal provides spectral components associated with the fundamental phase noise of the Stokes waves and can be used to infer the linewidth. Moreover, because the first-Stokes wave has more power than the third-Stokes wave [see Fig.…”

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Phonon-Limited-Linewidth of Brillouin Lasers at Cryogenic Temperatures

2017

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Laser linewidth is of central importance in spectroscopy, frequency metrology, and all applications of lasers requiring high coherence. It is also of fundamental importance, because the Schawlow-Townes laser linewidth limit is of quantum origin. Recently, a theory of stimulated Brillouin laser (SBL) linewidth has been reported. While the SBL linewidth formula exhibits power and optical Q factor dependences that are identical to the Schawlow-Townes formula, a source of noise not present in conventional lasers, phonon occupancy of the Brillouin mechanical mode is predicted to be the dominant SBL linewidth contribution. Moreover, the quantum limit of the SBL linewidth is predicted to be twice the Schawlow-Townes limit on account of phonon participation. To help confirm this theory the SBL fundamental linewidth is measured at cryogenic temperatures in a silica microresonator. Its temperature dependence and the SBL linewidth theory are combined to predict the number of thermomechanical quanta at three temperatures. The result agrees with the Bose-Einstein phonon occupancy of the microwave-rate Brillouin mode in support of the SBL linewidth theory prediction. DOI: 10.1103/PhysRevLett.119.143901 Stimulated Brillouin scattering (SBS) is a third-order (χ 3 ) optical nonlinearity that results from the interaction between photons and acoustic phonons in a medium [1][2][3][4]. SBS has practical importance in optical fiber systems [5,6] where it is an important signal impairment mechanism in long-distance transmission systems [7] and makes possible all-fiber lasers [8] as well as tunable, slow-light generation [9]. Power fluctuation resulting from thermal phonons has also been studied in fiber-optic SBS Stokes wave generation [10], and the intensity and phase noise have been measured in narrow-linewidth Brillouin lasers [11]. More recently, the SBS process has attracted considerable interest in microscale and nanoscale devices [12]. Brillouin laser action has been demonstrated in several microcavity resonator systems including silica [13][14][15][16], CaF 2 [17], and silicon [18], and Brillouin amplification has been demonstrated in integrated chalcogenide waveguides [19]. In silicon waveguides, the use of confinement to enhance amplification has been studied [20]. SBS is also a powerful tool for integrated photonics signal processing [21][22][23], and it has been applied to realize a chip-based optical gyroscope [24]. Moreover, at radio-frequency rates, the SBS damping rate is low enough in certain systems to enable cavity optomechanical effects [25] including optomechanical cooling [26] and optomechanical-induced transparency [27].This work studies a recent prediction concerning the fundamental linewidth (i.e., nontechnical noise contribution to linewidth) of the stimulated Brillouin laser (SBL). The analysis of fundamental fluctuations in Brillouin devices falls into a more general category of optomechanical oscillators in which phonons participate in the oscillation process [28,29]. This participation creates a channe...

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Phonon-Limited-Linewidth of Brillouin Lasers at Cryogenic Temperatures

2017

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“…4. Note that unlike RP-excited breathing modes, SBS-excited whispering-gallery acoustic modes do not exhibit harmonics in the optical and electronic spectra (unless cascaded excitation takes place 4,24 ). Instead only one Stokes sideband appears for SBS modes.…”

Section: Measuring Optomechanical Vibrationsmentioning

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Fabrication and Testing of Microfluidic Optomechanical Oscillators

Han

Kim

et al. 2014

JoVE

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Cavity optomechanics experiments that parametrically couple the phonon modes and photon modes have been investigated in various optical systems including microresonators. However, because of the increased acoustic radiative losses during direct liquid immersion of optomechanical devices, almost all published optomechanical experiments have been performed in solid phase. This paper discusses a recently introduced hollow microfluidic optomechanical resonator. Detailed methodology is provided to fabricate these ultra-high-Q microfluidic resonators, perform optomechanical testing, and measure radiation pressure-driven breathing mode and SBS-driven whispering gallery mode parametric vibrations. By confining liquids inside the capillary resonator, high mechanical-and optical-quality factors are simultaneously maintained. Video LinkThe video component of this article can be found at

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“…Stimulated Raman, Brillouin scattering, third harmonic generation and four-wave mixing have been successfully demonstrated in WGM resonators made of fused silica in the past decade [18][19][20][21][22] . Potential applications of silica WGM resonator based SBS ranging from Brillouin cooling, [23] microwave synthesizer, [24] low-noise laser, [25] light storage, [26] slow and fast light [27] have been recently demonstrated. Crystalline WGM resonators with ultrahigh Q factors have been fabricated using precision mechanical polishing methods [28] .…”

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Opto-acoustic phenomena in whispering gallery mode resonators

Lin

Chembo

2015

International Journal of Optomechatronics

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Optical whispering gallery mode resonators are important platforms to enhance and study various nonlinear frequency conversion processes. Stimulated Brillouin scattering is one of the strongest nonlinear effects, and can be successfully investigated using these platforms. In this article, we study the phenomenon of stimulated Brillouin scattering using a crystalline disk resonator. A fast scanning ringdown spectroscopy technique is used to characterize the optical modes featuring quality factors of the order of one billion at telecom wavelengths. The mW scale threshold power in a centimeter disk resonator is observed and found to be strongly dependent on the gap between the resonator and the prism coupler.

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Microwave synthesizer using an on-chip Brillouin oscillator

Cited by 305 publications

References 86 publications

Phonon-Limited-Linewidth of Brillouin Lasers at Cryogenic Temperatures

Phonon-Limited-Linewidth of Brillouin Lasers at Cryogenic Temperatures

Fabrication and Testing of Microfluidic Optomechanical Oscillators

Opto-acoustic phenomena in whispering gallery mode resonators

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