Microwave synthesis of phosphorus-doped graphitic carbon nitride nanosheets with enhanced electrochemiluminescence signals

Nitrogen Vacancy Engineering in Graphitic Carbon Nitride for Strong, Stable, and Wavelength Tunable Electrochemiluminescence Emissions

“…As a crucial two-dimensional metal-free polymeric semiconductor, graphitic carbon nitride (CN) has triggered a gold rush in some fields, such as photocatalysis, photoelectrocatalysis, and optical sensing. − Additionally, CN has been proved to be a promising electrochemiluminescence (ECL) emitter for the construction of sensing and imaging devices in the past few years. − In comparison to traditional ECL emitters, CN displays a series of remarkable merits, including easy availability, low toxicity, excellent biocompatibility, and controllable band gap luminescence. , Unfortunately, the further applications of CN in ECL have been limited because of its relative weak and unstable signals from poor conductivity and the occurrence of electrode passivation. ,, In order to improve the ECL performances of CN, a variety of CN-based nanocomposites have been fabricated, such as heteroatom-doped CNs, noble metal-CNs, reduced graphene oxide-CNs, and metal organic framework-CNs. − The above developed CN-based nanocomposites could improve electrical conductivity and buffer excess electrons and thus enhance the ECL intensity and stability. However, these nanocomposites have complex synthesis and relatively weak bioaffinity caused by the size effect to hinder their practical applications.…”

Graphite-like Carbon Nitride Nanotube for Electrochemiluminescence Featuring High Efficiency, High Stability, and Ultrasensitive Ion Detection Capability

“…Electrochemiluminescence (ECL) is the phenomenon of electrochemically controlled chemiluminescence in which the ECL luminophores generate excited states through electron transfer reactions at the surface of electrode and then emit light. − Because of its multiple merits such as high sensitivity, wide dynamic response range, fast response speed, and low background signal, ECL is becoming a typical analysis method for many application fields, e.g., clinical diagnosis, bioanalysis, food analysis, environmental monitoring, and so on. − In order to realize these applications, ongoing interest is focusing on the development of qualified ECL luminophores with high ECL efficiency and stability. , Among them, graphite-like carbon nitride (g-C 3 N 4 ) is a promising candidate, , since it is unique in nontoxic, facile synthesis, low cost, and excellent biocompatibility. , In 2012, Xiao and Choi et al reported the first g-C 3 N 4 ECL, in which the g-C 3 N 4 /K 2 S 2 O 8 ECL couple was used to trace detection on Cu 2+ with a detection limit of 0.9 nM . After that, g-C 3 N 4 nanosheets were dominantly applied in the topic of g-C 3 N 4 ECL. − However, restricted by poor conductivity, charge accumulation and the electrode passivation effect, those g-C 3 N 4 ECL frequently suffered from low stability and/or low ECL efficiency, which greatly limits its applications. , To overcome these issues, many researchers focus on modifying the chemical structure of g-C 3 N 4 nanosheets in different methods, such as noble metal load (Au-g-C 3 N 4 ), heteroatom doping (P-g-C 3 N 4 ), , nitrogen vacancy engineering (NV-g-C 3 N 4 ) . Despite this progress, g-C 3 N 4 nanomaterials suitable for ECL are still scarce.…”

“…13−16 However, restricted by poor conductivity, charge accumulation and the electrode passivation effect, those g-C 3 N 4 ECL frequently suffered from low stability and/or low ECL efficiency, which greatly limits its applications. 17,18 To overcome these issues, many researchers focus on modifying the chemical structure of g-C 3 N 4 nanosheets in different methods, such as noble metal load (Au-g-C 3 N 4 ), 17 heteroatom doping (P-g-C 3 N 4 ), 19,20 nitrogen vacancy engineering (NV-g-C 3 N 4 ). 18 Despite this progress, g-C 3 N 4 nanomaterials suitable for ECL are still scarce.…”

Mechanochemical bottom-up synthesis of phosphorus-linked, heptazine-based carbon nitrides using sodium phosphide

“…Since that time, the addition of elements such as boron [2], phosphorus [3][4][5], sulfur and oxygen [6] have shown to help minimize the bandgap of these metal-free photocatalysts, as well as improve their overall stability. Traditional routes to incorporate phosphorus have relied on high-temperature [7] or microwave [8] syntheses, and often proceed through the introduction of a phosphorus atom within the heptazine ring, which constitutes the building Scheme 1: a) Mechanochemical synthesis of g-PCN from sodium phosphide and trichlorotriazine (previous work [38]) and b) g-h-PCN from sodium phosphide and trichloroheptazine (this work). block of g-CN, as opposed to in a linking position.…”