Microwave substrate integrated waveguide resonator sensor for non-invasive monitoring of blood glucose concentration: Low cost and painless tool for diabetics

Kiani, Sina; Rezaei, Pejman

doi:10.1016/j.measurement.2023.113232

Cited by 41 publications

(6 citation statements)

References 95 publications

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“…In recent years, non-invasive blood glucose detection technology based on electromagnetic (EM) technique has generated great interest among researchers. A lot of EM-based research works on glucose concentration detection have been reported [4][5][6][7][8][9][10][11]. The principle of EM-based sensor is that the EM parameter changes of medium under test (MUT) lead to the change of EM-based sensor response.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Accurate blood glucose level monitoring using microwave imaging

Wang,

Xiao,

Pang

et al. 2024

Meas. Sci. Technol.

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Painless, and non-invasive detection techniques are needed to replace finger-pick blood for diabetic. In this paper, a first-of-its-kind, noninvasive, and continuous blood glucose level (BGL) detection method based on microwave imaging is introduced. This method avoids the complex task of frequency choice for the design of electromagnetic sensor. A radar-based microwave imaging technology combined with improved very-deep super resolution (VDSR-BL) method is introduced to obtain high-resolution (HR) microwave images. After image super-resolution reconstruction by VDSR-BL, the peak signal-to-noise ratio (PSNR) and structural similarity index (SSIM) of HR images reach 35.4461 dB and 0.9761, respectively. Then an ensemble learning strategy based on support vector regression (SVR) and random forest algorithms is proposed to identify HR microwave images for BGL estimation. The developed detection system has been verified on the medium under tests (MUT) with different glucose solution. The final detection results obtain the root mean squared error (RMSE) of 0.1394 mg/mL and the mean absolute relative difference (MARD) of 8.02%, which show well accuracy with clinical acceptance. Meanwhile, we also conducted human trials. The high correlation coefficient (R) of 0.9254 was achieved between the results of microwave imaging and invasive BGL. Together, these results show that microwave imaging offers a promising new approach for noninvasive BGL monitoring.

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Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Accurate blood glucose level monitoring using microwave imaging

Wang,

Xiao,

Pang

et al. 2024

Meas. Sci. Technol.

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“…Proof-of-concept studies were conducted using microwave sensors. In one study, a resonant sensor with an operating frequency of 9 GHz and a quality factor (Qu) of 240 was proposed to measure the dielectric constant that changes with glucose concentration, which was validated on four volunteers by comparing noninvasive and invasive blood samples 7 . Similarly, a label-free meandered sensor was implemented on an RO4003 substrate with an operating frequency of 6.21 GHz and a Qu factor of 506 to measure glucose from a glucose aqueous solution, where a sensitivity of 0.64% was obtained 8 .…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…Executing studies on real-time blood samples and comparing them with non-invasive sensors will allow us to understand whether any interference from biological differences in blood, susceptibility to interference from fats and proteins, and physiological conditions such as breathing, sweating, cardiac activity, and dehydration can alter the measurements due to changes in the permittivity and affect the sensitivity of the sensor 13 , 16 , 17 . Studies carried out on real-time blood samples lacked sample sizes 7 , 10 , 11 , which limits the observation of different volunteer demographics/selection criteria, standard error analysis 10 , 11 , 14 for performance, validation of sensors, and clinically unacceptable ranges of CEG 9 , and require a 15 min resting time, normal temperature, and blood pressure before measurement 7 . However, the results with good sensitivity from the above studies open the door for miniaturized sensors for wearables and are trusted options for diabetes management.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Development of sensor system and data analytic framework for non-invasive blood glucose prediction

Rajeswari,

Vijayakumar

2024

Sci Rep

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Periodic quantification of blood glucose levels is performed using painful, invasive methods. The proposed work presents the development of a noninvasive glucose-monitoring device with two sensors, i.e., finger and wrist bands. The sensor system was designed with a near-infrared (NIR) wavelength of 940 nm emitter and a 900–1700 nm detector. This study included 101 diabetic and non-diabetic volunteers. The obtained dataset was subjected to pre-processing, exploratory data analysis (EDA), data visualization, and integration methods. Ambiguities such as the effects of skin color, ambient light, and finger pressure on the sensor were overcome in the proposed ‘niGLUC-2.0v’. niGLUC-2.0v was validated with performance metrics where accuracy of 99.02%, mean absolute error (MAE) of 0.15, mean square error (MSE) of 0.22 for finger, and accuracy of 99.96%, MAE of 0.06, MSE of 0.006 for wrist prototype with ridge regression (RR) were achieved. Bland–Altman analysis was performed, where 98% of the data points were within ± 1.96 standard deviation (SD), 100% were under zone A of the Clarke Error Grid (CEG), and statistical analysis showed p < 0.05 on evaluated accuracy. Thus, niGLUC-2.0v is suitable in the medical and personal care fields for continuous real-time blood glucose monitoring.

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“…Numerous microwave sensors have been developed to characterize various materials, including oils [ 5 , 6 , 7 ], coal [ 8 , 9 ], glucose [ 10 , 11 , 12 ], solids [ 13 , 14 , 15 ], gases [ 16 , 17 , 18 ], and gesomin [ 19 ]. In particular, microwave sensors are also widely used for detecting liquid samples (such as ethanol) based on the glass tube method [ 20 , 21 ], LC method [ 22 ], or microfluidic channel method [ 23 , 24 ].…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Highly Sensitive Microwave Sensors Based on Open Complementary Square Split-Ring Resonator for Sensing Liquid Materials

Ds,

Nagini,

Barik

et al. 2024

Sensors

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This paper presents high-sensitivity sensors based on an open complementary square split-ring resonator and a modified open complementary split-ring resonator operating at 4.5 GHz and 3.4 GHz, respectively. The sensors are designed for the detection of multiple liquid materials, including distilled water, methanol, and ethanol. The liquid under test is filled in a glass container loaded using a pipette. Compared to the conventional OCSSRR, the modified OCSSRR with multiple rings exhibits a higher frequency shift of 1200 MHz, 1270 MHz, and 1520 MHz for ethanol, methanol, and distilled water, respectively. The modified sensor also demonstrates a high sensitivity of 308 MHz/RIU for ethanol concentration which is the highest among the existing microwave sensors. The sensors in this manuscript are suitable for multiple liquid-material-sensing applications.

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Microwave substrate integrated waveguide resonator sensor for non-invasive monitoring of blood glucose concentration: Low cost and painless tool for diabetics

Cited by 41 publications

References 95 publications

Accurate blood glucose level monitoring using microwave imaging

Accurate blood glucose level monitoring using microwave imaging

Development of sensor system and data analytic framework for non-invasive blood glucose prediction

Highly Sensitive Microwave Sensors Based on Open Complementary Square Split-Ring Resonator for Sensing Liquid Materials

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