Microwave Reduction of Red Mud for Recovery of Iron Values

Agrawal, Shrey; Rayapudi, Veeranjaneyulu; Dhawan, Nikhil

doi:10.1007/s40831-018-0183-3

Cited by 38 publications

(9 citation statements)

References 15 publications

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“…These results are in agreement with the chemical analysis of the as received red mud sample which was rich in CaO. According to the literature [19], however, gehlenite can also form in the reduced red mud samples with much lower CaO percentages (5-7%). When the reduced TRM sample is examined, nepheline is the second important compound following iron.…”

Section: Mineralogy Of Reduced Red Mud Samplessupporting

confidence: 91%

“…Smelting. Solid state reduction can be conducted as  Carbothermic reduction using a certain type of carbon source [6], conventional process for pig iron making  Reduction roasting, using certain additive(s) in addition to a carbon source [7][8][9][10][11][12][13]  Gaseous reduction using H2 and/or CO or certain gas mixtures [14][15][16][17]  Microwave heating applications [18][19][20] Keskinkilic et al [21] reviewed those examples, so more details can be found in the related literature. The authors have performed a laboratory-scale project dealing with stepwise recovery of valuable elements from red mud.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

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Reduction behavior of iron in the red mud

Eray

Keskinkilic

Topkaya

et al. 2021

J min metall B Metall

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Red mud or bauxite residue contains significant quantities of industrial metals such as Fe, Al and Ti, and rare earths such as Sc, Ce, and La. The authors performed a laboratory-scale project work dealing with stepwise recovery of valuable elements from two bauxite residues, namely Iranian red mud (IRM) and Turkish red mud (TRM). In the first stage, it was tried to recover iron which is present in large quantities in red mud. Two different methods have been investigated for this purpose: 1) solid state reduction followed by wet magnetic separation, 2) smelting. In the scope of this paper, some results of pyrometallurgical part of this project are presented. According to solid-state reduction experiments, it was found that more excess coal was needed for IRM (35%) than TRM (15%) to maximize iron reduction. Temperature had significant effect on the reduction process and metallization increased from about 70% to about 95% when the temperature was raised from 1000 to 1200?C. Metallization degree was reported to be slightly higher for IRM (96.2%) than TRM (94.1%). The results demonstrated that a high degree of iron metallization can be achieved regardless of the chemical and mineralogical composition of the bauxite residue sample.

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Section: Mineralogy Of Reduced Red Mud Samplessupporting

confidence: 91%

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Reduction behavior of iron in the red mud

Eray

Keskinkilic

Topkaya

et al. 2021

J min metall B Metall

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“…Sinter Strength ( ) % = [ ] × 100 (1) where: W 1 is the weight of sinter of +7 mm before shatter test, kg. W 3 = weight of sinter of +7mm after shatter test, kg.,…”

Section: Characterizationsmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…However, the application of red mud in these fields is restricted by volume, efficiency, costs, and the risks associated with mud [18,33]. According to the fact that iron oxide represents the major constituents of this red mud, its utilization in the steel industry was regarded as the most intense and interesting application [1,4,25].…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Study the Recycling of Red Mud in Iron Ore Sintering Process

Khalifa¹,

Bazhin²,

Kuskova³

et al. 2021

J. Ecol. Eng.

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Red mud (RM), the by-product generated during the alumina extraction process, is considered a valuable secondary raw material, since iron (20-54%) represents its major constituent. Accordingly, the suitability of recycling this RM in the sintering process of Egyptian iron ore was studied. The effect of adding different amounts of RM to the sinter charge mixture (0-10 wt.%) on the sintering process performance as well as the chemical, physical and mechanical properties of the produced sinter was investigated. The results revealed that increasing the amount of red mud in the sinter charge mixture leads to a high improvement in the strength of the produced sinter till reaching a maximum at 7% addition, which deteriorates thereafter. Meanwhile, owing to the fine nature of the red mud, increasing its contents in the sinter charge mixture leads to reduced speed of the sintering process, which consequently affects the productivity at the blast furnace yard. The sinter produced with the addition of 3% red mud shows the highest reducibility. These results indicate the suitability of recycling RM in the Egyptian iron ore sintering process with an amount not higher than 3 wt.% of the total sinter mixture charge.

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“…At present, the utilizations of RM are limited to metal extraction, manufacture of building or pavement materials, , and adsorption or catalysis. , All utilizations require pretreatment processes because of RM’s complex chemical composition and may result in secondary pollution. Although Agrawal et al use microwave to rapidly reduce RM for the recovery of iron, this technology is demanding and can only be used on iron-rich RM. Hence, it is still a serious challenge to realize the full component utilization of RM.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Reduced Red Mud as the Solar Absorber for Solar-Driven Water Evaporation and Vapor–Electricity Generation

Wang

Chen

et al. 2021

ACS Appl. Mater. Interfaces

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The emergent solar-driven water evaporation technology provides a reassuring scheme for red mud (RM) utilization in environment and materials science. With fewer restrictions on raw materials, wide availability of sheer quantity, and high complexity in chemical composition, the RM may be a promising candidate for solar absorbers. Here, we developed a novel solar absorber with reduced RM. It features favorable light absorption and photothermal conversion ability using biomass pyrolysis. When added to the polyvinyl alcohol and chitosan gel substrate, the light absorptance can reach 94.65%, while the corresponding evaporation rate is as high as 2.185 kg m–2 h–1 under an illumination density of 1 kW m–2. We further demonstrated its potential as an efficient solar absorber in the solar-driven water evaporation and the thermoelectric device to realize the stable and efficient coproduction of vapor and electricity.

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Microwave Reduction of Red Mud for Recovery of Iron Values

Cited by 38 publications

References 15 publications

Reduction behavior of iron in the red mud

Reduction behavior of iron in the red mud

Study the Recycling of Red Mud in Iron Ore Sintering Process

Reduced Red Mud as the Solar Absorber for Solar-Driven Water Evaporation and Vapor–Electricity Generation

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