Microwave-promoted racemization and dynamic kinetic resolution of chiral amines over Pd on alkaline earth supports and lipases

Heterogeneous Versus Homogeneous Palladium Catalysts for Ligandless Mizoroki–Heck Reactions: A Comparison of Batch/Microwave and Continuous‐Flow Processing

“…To determine if microwave dielectric heating of the reaction mixture will lead to selective heating ("superheating") of the strongly absorbing Pd/C catalyst, [20,21] and therefore lead to specific microwave effects not reproducible by conventional heating at the same bulk temperature, [8,11,14,22] careful control experiments between microwave and conventional heating for both Mizoroki-Heck couplings shown in Scheme 1 were performed. By using a proper experimental set-up allowing for accurate internal temperature monitoring by a fiber-optic probe sensor in both the microwave and oil bath experiments, [29] kinetic studies at different temperature regimes were performed.…”

Eco-Friendly Physical Activation Methods for Suzuki–Miyaura Reactions

“…The corresponding reaction under conventional heating, employing an oil bath, gave rise to a four-fold decrease in yield. The authors explained such trends in terms of the existence of more proficient heat transfer to the Pd nanoparticles which was achieved by MW irradiation, giving rise to so-called "hot spots" [92] which possess a temperature higher than the neighboring solvent. Additionally, two blank experiments were carried out; the first reaction was carried out in the absence of Pd 0 -AmPMCF and the second was performed with MCF.…”

Recyclable Stereoselective Catalysts

“…The support for the palladium catalyst proved to have an important role in controlling the formation of by -products [170] . Recently, the authors discovered that microwave irradiation could be used to accelerate the racemization rate without affecting the catalytic activity of Novozym 345 [171] .…”