Microwave Plasma Synthesis of Materials—From Physics and Chemistry to Nanoparticles: A Materials Scientist’s Viewpoint

Abstract

Abstract:In this review, microwave plasma gas-phase synthesis of inorganic materials and material groups is discussed from the application-oriented perspective of a materials scientist: why and how microwave plasmas are applied for the synthesis of materials? First, key players in this research field will be identified, and a brief overview on publication history on this topic is given. The fundamental basics, necessary to understand the processes ongoing in particle synthesis-one of the main applications of microwave plasma processes-and the influence of the relevant experimental parameters on the resulting particles and their properties will be addressed. The benefit of using microwave plasma instead of conventional gas phase processes with respect to chemical reactivity and crystallite nucleation will be reviewed. The criteria, how to choose an appropriate precursor to synthesize a specific material with an intended application is discussed. A tabular overview on all type of materials synthesized in microwave plasmas and other plasma methods will be given, including relevant citations. Finally, property examples of three groups of nanomaterials synthesized with microwave plasma methods, bare Fe 2 O 3 nanoparticles, different core/shell ceramic/organic shell nanoparticles, and Sn-based nanocomposites, will be described exemplarily, comprising perspectives of applications.

Measurement of plasma electron temperature and density by using different applied voltages and working pressures in a magnetron sputtering system

“…The term ionized return to the existence of one or more free electron. Which are not required to an atom or molecules [1], [2]. It have free charge particles where the positive and negative charge approximately stasis each other at the level of the macroscopic.…”

Prospective Applications of Cold Plasma for Processing Poultry Products: Benefits, Effects on Quality Attributes, and Limitations

“…Besides, cold plasma can be generated through various discharging systems including radio‐frequency (which uses pulsed electrical current to produce plasma inside an electrical coil), glow (which has two electrodes at both sides of a separating area that contains a special gas composition), and barrier (which produces the plasma energy by distributing the electrical current through dielectric material) (Szabó & Schlabach, ). Detailed discussions on the designs of plasma systems can be found in the literature (Szabó & Schlabach, ; Thirumdas et al., ). To this date, a number of plasma‐generating systems, including plasma jets (Kim et al., ; Lee et al., ), corona discharges (Dobrynin, Friedman, Fridman, & Starikovskiy, ), and dielectric barrier discharges (DBD) (Georgescu, ; Lee et al., ), have been used for treatment of food materials such as poultry products (Thirumdas et al., ).…”

“…Nonthermal plasma can be generated using several energy sources and under different conditions. Electricity, microwaves, and laser are among the common energy sources for plasma generation (Szabó & Schlabach, 2014). The plasma energy can also be generated under atmospheric or negative pressure (Niemira & Gutsol, 2011).…”

Gamma Irradiation Inducing the Synthesis of Magnetic Fe3O4 Nanorod Particles in Alkaline Medium

“…Several methods for the synthesis of iron oxides have been reported in the literature. These include: combustion process [8], microwave plasma [9], flame pyrolysis [10], sprays pyrolysis [11], hydrothermal [12], pulsed laser ablation technique [13], and ultrasound irradiation method [14]. An organic solution phase decomposition route has been widely used in iron oxide nanoparticle synthesis, and decomposition of Fe(CO) 5 followed by oxidation can lead to high-quality monodispersed α-Fe 2 O 3 nanoparticles, which usually require relatively higher temperatures and a complicated operation.…”