Microwave irradiation in organic synthesis

Abstract

We present the first measurement of the correlation between the map of the cosmic microwave background (CMB) lensing potential derived from the Planck nominal mission data and  z 1.5 galaxies detected by the Herschel-ATLAS (H-ATLAS) survey covering about 600 deg 2 , i.e., about 1.4% of the sky. We reject the hypothesis that there is no correlation between CMB lensing and galaxy detection at a s 20 significance, checking the result by performing a number of null tests. The significance of the detection of the theoretically expected cross-correlation signal is found to be s 10 . The galaxy bias parameter, b, derived from a joint analysis of the cross-power spectrum and of the autopower spectrum of the galaxy density contrast is found to be = -+ b 2.80 0.11 0.12 , consistent with earlier estimates for H-ATLAS galaxies at similar redshifts. On the other hand, the amplitude of the cross-correlation is found to be a factor 1.62 ± 0.16 higher than expected from the standard model and also found by cross-correlation analyses with other tracers of the large-scale structure. The enhancement due to lensing magnification can account for only a fraction of the excess cross-correlation signal. We suggest that part of it may be due to an incomplete removal of the contamination of the cosmic infrared background, which includes the H-ATLAS sources we are cross-correlating with. In any case, the highly significant detection reported here using a catalog covering only 1.4% of the sky demonstrates the potential of CMB lensing correlations with submillimeter surveys.

A comparative Suzuki reaction of aryl halides using a new dimeric orthopalladated complex under conventional and microwave irradiation conditions

“…Application of microwave heating in organic synthesis was developed about 50 years ago . Therefore, the use of this technique as an environmentally friendly green synergy source has grown and microwave irradiation has become a powerful technique by which the completion of the reaction can be decreased from hours to minutes .…”

Ionic liquids and microwave irradiation in polymer synthesis

“…Therefore, it can be expected that MW absorption by the solvent molecules will mask the MW effect. Because of this, the difference in the reaction rates under MW radiation and in the case of convection heating decreases …”

“…The MW effect is the strongest in reactions carried out in the absence of a solvent, where interaction of MW radiation with the reagents is not hindered by any foreign factors and absorption of MW radiation is only determined by the nature of the starting compounds . Reactions in a dry environment without a solvent are advantageous in comparison with ordinary reactions in solution.…”

A comparative homocoupling reaction of aryl halides using monomeric orthopalladated complex of 4‐methoxybenzoylmethylenetri‐ phenylphosphorane under conventional and microwave irradiation conditions

“…Application of microwave irradiation for promoting reaction condition has been becoming a versatile tool in organic synthesis 24. This technique can cause increased yields of reactions and decreased total time for completion of the reactions and is also advantageous for enabling reproducible and scalable chemistry development in research laboratories and industrial processes 25, 26.…”