Microwave‐induced one‐pot synthesis of 3‐imidazolyl indole clubbed 1,2,3‐triazole hybrids as antiproliferative agents and density functional theory study

Abstract

Herein, we outline a highly efficient PEG‐4000‐mediated one‐pot three‐component reaction for the synthesis of 3‐imidazolyl indole clubbed 1,2,3‐triazole derivatives (5a–r) at up to 96% yield as antiproliferative agents. This three‐component protocol offers the advantages of an environmentally benign reaction, excellent yield, quick response time, and operational simplicity triggered by the copper catalyst under microwave irradiation. All the synthesized compounds were tested for antiproliferative activity against six human solid tumor cell lines, that is, A549 and SW1573 (nonsmall cell lung), HBL100 and T‐47D (breast), HeLa (cervix), and WiDr (colon). Among them, six compounds, 5g–j, 5m, and 5p, demonstrated effective antiproliferative action with GI50 values under 10 μM. Furthermore, density functional theory (DFT) calculations were performed for all the synthesized molecules through geometry optimizations, frontier molecular orbital approach, and molecular electrostatic potential (MESP). The theoretical DFT calculation was performed using the DFT/B3LYP/6‐31+G (d,p) basis set. Moreover, the biological reactivity of all the representative synthesized molecules was compared with the theoretically calculated quantum chemical descriptors and MESP 3D plots. We also investigated the drug‐likeness characteristic and absorption, distribution, metabolism, excretion, and toxicity (ADMET) prediction. In general, our approach enables environmentally friendly access to 3‐imidazolyl indole clubbed 1,2,3‐triazole derivatives as prospective antiproliferative agents.