“…These properties reflect the physical state and underlying biological processes and is largely dependent on frequency (Schwan, 1957). BI is employed as a biomarker in many biological fields, such as in cell culture applications in cell biology ("ECIS Cell, ), genetics (Schmidt et al, 2019), biochemistry (Jun et al, 2018), pharmacology (Alexander et al, 2013), tissue engineering (Nordberg et al, 2017), immunology (Hsu et al, 2018), and food control (Rego et al, 2015). To solve the main drawback of classical end-point protocols, Giaever et al (Giaever and Keese, 1986) proposed the so-called Electrical Cell-Substrate Sensing (ECIS) technique as an alternative procedure to perform real-time monitoring of CCs, thereby avoiding multiple samples, and performing all measurements over the same culture.…”