Microwave-hydrothermal synthesis of equi-axed and submicron-sized BaTiO3 powders

Photoluminescence of BaZrO3 explained by a order/disorded transformation

“…In hydrothermally derived BZ which crystallizes in a cubic structure it can be assumed that the abnormal grain particles comes from factor (2) and (3) due the existence of high chemical equilibrium. The random aggregation process between the small particles can be related to an increase in effective collision rates between small particles by microwave radiation [51] which indicates that microwave energy favors an anisotropic growth caused by the differences in the surface energies on the different crystallographic faces [52]. Possibly, the imperfections or differences between the particles size can be associated with the influence of microwave energy during the BZ phase growth process.…”

Microwave-hydrothermal synthesis of barium strontium titanate nanoparticles

“…The agglomeration process was attributed to Van der Waals forces. To reduce the surface energy, the primary particles have a tendency to form nearly spherical agglomerates, in a minimum surface to volume ratio and hence reducing surface free energy [29,28]. This type of grain structure is common in oxide, ferrite and titanate ceramics [30][31][32][33][34][35][36][37].…”

Hydrothermal synthesis of nanocrystalline BaTiO3 particles and structural characterization by high-resolution transmission electron microscopy

“…The low-temperature hydrothermal synthesis of BT nanoparticles is normally carried out by suspending titania nanoparticles or titania gel in an aqueous Ba(OH) 2 solution, and then autoclaving at 150-300 1C. Up to date, the hydrothermal preparation of BT nanoparticles has been investigated extensively [5][6][7][8][9][10][11][12][13][14][15]. The effects of the synthesis temperature, the pH value of the reactive medium, and the Ba/Ti ratio on the particle size and morphology have also been investigated [9][10][11][12], but different results were reported by various researchers.…”