Microwave Heating Causes Rapid Degradation of Antioxidants in Polypropylene Packaging, Leading to Greatly Increased Specific Migration to Food Simulants As Shown by ESI-MS and GC-MS

Alin, Jonas; Hakkarainen, Minna

doi:10.1021/jf1048639

Cited by 100 publications

(50 citation statements)

References 33 publications

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“…Chromatographic techniques including high-performance liquid chromatography (HPLC) [6][7][8], gas chromatography (GC) [9,10], liquid chromatography-mass spectrometry (LC-MS) [11,12], and gas chromatography-mass spectrometry (GC-MS) [13,14] were used as analytical methods. Meanwhile, different experimental conditions and procedures have also been employed to study specific migration levels of additives into food simulants [15][16][17][18][19]. However, to the best of our knowledge, few methods investigated all food simulants according to Commission Regulation (EU) No.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Simultaneous determination of antioxidants and ultraviolet stabilizers in polypropylene food packaging and food simulants by high-performance liquid chromatography

Wang

Lin

et al. 2017

Acta Chromatographica

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Summary. The use of polypropylene materials in industry for food packaging is increasing. The presence of additives in the polymer matrix enables the modification or improvement of the properties and performance of the polymer, but these additives are potential risk for human health. In this context, an efficient analytical method for the quantitative determination of three antioxidants (2,6-di-tert-butyl-4-methylphenol (BHT), dibutylhydroxyphenylpropionic acid stearyl ester (Irganox 1076), and tns-(2.4-ditert-butyl)-phosphite (Irgafos 168)) and five ultraviolet stabilizers (2-(2′-hydroxy-5′-methylphenyl) (UV-P), (2′-hydroxy-3′-tert-5′-methylphenyl)-5-chloroben zotriazole (UV-326), 2-(2′-hydroxy-3′,5′-di-tert-butylphenyl)-5-chlorobenzotriazole (UV-327), 2-(2H-benzotriazol-2-yl)-4-(1,1,3,3-tetramethylbutyl)phenol(UV-329), and 2-hydroxy-4(octyloxy) benzophenone (UV-531)) in polypropylene food packaging and food simulants by high-performance liquid chromatography (HPLC) has been developed. Parameters affecting the efficiency in the process such as extraction and chromatographic condition were studied in order to determine operating conditions. The analytical method showed good linearity, presenting correlation coefficients (R ≥ 0.9977) for all additives. The limits of detection and quantification were between 0.03 and 0.30 μg mL −1 and between 0.10 and 1.00 μg mL −1 for eight analytes, respectively. Average spiked recoveries in blank polypropylene packaging and food simulants were in the range of 80.4-99.5% and 75.2-106.7%, with relative standard deviations in the range of 0.9-9.1% and 0.2-9.8%. Dissolving the polypropylene food packaging with toluene and precipitating by methanol was demonstrated more effective than ultrasonic extract with acetonitrile or dichloromethane for extracting the additives. The method was successfully applied to commercial polypropylene packaging determination, Irgafos 168 and UV-P were frequently found in six commercial polypropylene films, and the content ranged from 166.47 ± 5.11 to 845.27 ± 29.31 μg g −1 and 2.10 ± 0.29 to 19.23 ± 1.26 μg g −1 , respectively.

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Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Simultaneous determination of antioxidants and ultraviolet stabilizers in polypropylene food packaging and food simulants by high-performance liquid chromatography

Wang

Lin

et al. 2017

Acta Chromatographica

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“…In relation to the abundance of its prerequisite Irgafos® 168, this was not detected under any extraction conditions preventing us from concluding that reduced bDtBPP is a result of minimal Irgafos® 168 content. Evidence suggests that it may be degraded during the incubation step due to oxidation at high temperature and the use of polar extraction solvents …”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Improvements in single‐use bioreactor film material composition leads to robust and reliable Chinese hamster ovary cell performance

Kelly

Dorival-García

Paré

et al. 2019

Biotechnology Progress

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Single‐use technologies, in particular disposable bioreactor bags, have become integral within the biopharmaceutical community. However, safety concerns arose upon the identification of toxic leachable compounds derived from the plastic materials. Although the leachable bis(2,4‐di‐tert‐butylphenyl)‐phosphate (bDtBPP) has been previously shown to inhibit CHO cell growth, it is critical to determine if other compounds like this are still present in subsequent generations of films for industrial application. This study compares the performance of CHO cells, CHO‐K1, and CHO‐DP12, cultured in media conditioned in an older single‐use bioreactor (SUB) film (F‐1) and a newer generation film (F‐2) from the same vendor. CHO cells cultured in media conditioned for 7 days in the F‐1 film demonstrated significantly reduced growth and antibody productivity profiles when compared to controls and media conditioned for the same time period in the newer F‐2 film. Proteomic profiling of CHO cells cultured in the F‐1 conditioned media identified differentially expressed proteins involved in oxidative stress response as well as compromised ATP synthesis. These potentially metabolically compromised cells exhibited reduced oxidative phosphorylation activity as well as lower glycolytic metabolism, characteristic of slower growing cells. Nonvolatile and metal leachables analysis of film extracts by LC–MS revealed a reduction in the abundance of the analyzed leachates from F‐2 films when compared to F‐1 films including bDtBPP, potentially explaining improved CHO cell growth in F‐2 conditioned media. Furthermore, in vitro endocrine disruptor testing of the known leachable revealed this molecule to possess the potential to act as an androgen antagonist. This study demonstrates an improvement in the materials composition used in modern generations of SUBs for safe application in the bioprocess.

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“…Not only UV irradiation but also other high energy irradiation like electron beam irradiation and gamma irradiation were studied on the degradation of additives. Other condition, such as microwave treatment, which is commonly applied to polypropylene materials in food industry and daily use, could cause faster degradation of additives . This is not surprising, when high temperature and high frequency wave occur, chemical reaction could happen to additives easier.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Degradation of Irgafos 168 and migration of its degradation products from PP‐R composite films

Yan

Wang

et al. 2018

Packag Technol Sci

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Food contact materials contain non‐intentionally added substances from degradation, and reaction processes could rise food safety problems. Three polypropylene random copolymer composite films were prepared by extruding the polypropylene random copolymer matrix with Irgafos 168, Irgafos 168 and nanocopper, Irgafos 168 and KH550 modified nanocooper, respectively. To evaluate the degradation behaviors of Irgafos 168, the films were treated by UV irradiation, microwave treatment, sunlight exposure, placed in different oxygen concentration conditions, suffered the extrusion process, and high temperature. Migration test was conducted at 20°C, 40°C, and 70°C with films tested in food simulant. GC‐MS was adopted to determine the concentration of Irgafos 168 and its two degradation products, 2,4‐di‐tert‐butylphenol (DP1) and tris (2,4‐di‐tert‐butylphenyl) phosphate (DP2). UV irradiation significantly accelerated the degradation of Irgafos 168 compared with other treatments; DP1 and DP2 increased to maximum value at 24 hours and decreased afterwards, simultaneously. The introduction of nanocopper notably promoted DP1 generation after extrusion whereas suppressed DP2 generation which also caused a higher degradation rate of Irgafos 168 and sharp decrease of DP1 under microwave treatment, sunlight exposure, and high temperature treatment. No significant difference between the effects of nanocopper and KH550 modified nanocopper on degradation of Irgafos 168 was found. For the migration test, the introduction of nanocopper inhibited the migration of Irgafos 168 and DP2 whereas promoted the migration of DP1. No significant difference between the introduction of nanocopper and KH550 modified nanocopper on migration of Irgafos 168 and DP1, DP2 was found.

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Microwave Heating Causes Rapid Degradation of Antioxidants in Polypropylene Packaging, Leading to Greatly Increased Specific Migration to Food Simulants As Shown by ESI-MS and GC-MS

Cited by 100 publications

References 33 publications

Simultaneous determination of antioxidants and ultraviolet stabilizers in polypropylene food packaging and food simulants by high-performance liquid chromatography

Simultaneous determination of antioxidants and ultraviolet stabilizers in polypropylene food packaging and food simulants by high-performance liquid chromatography

Improvements in single‐use bioreactor film material composition leads to robust and reliable Chinese hamster ovary cell performance

Degradation of Irgafos 168 and migration of its degradation products from PP‐R composite films

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