“…The powder samples were subjected to XPS to observe the effect of individual elemental valence on the microwave dielectric properties of Li 2 (Mg 0.9 Cu 0.1 ) 2 Mo 3 O 12 ceramics, as shown in Figure 7, and all peaks have been peak calibrated according to the C1s peak. The peaks with binding energies of 54.9, 1304.3, and 530.1 eV in Figure 7B,C,D correspond to the peaks of Mg 1s, Li 1s, and O 1s, respectively, indicating that Mg, Li, and O are present in the material as Mg 2+ , Li + , and O 2− , respectively 53,54 . The binding energies of the peaks of Mo 3d at 232 and 235.4 eV are consistent with the results of Figure 7E, indicating that Mo exists as Mo 6+ in the material 55 .…”