Microwave Class-E Power Amplifiers: A Brief Review of Essential Concepts in High-Frequency Class-E PAs and Related Circuits

Popović, Zoya; Garcia, Jose

doi:10.1109/mmm.2018.2822202

Cited by 20 publications

(11 citation statements)

References 40 publications

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“…However, simple networks with low loss and compact chip area are essential for MMIC PAs. For some conventional PA classes, e.g., class-E and class-F, there are popular harmonic matching network structures [12], [19], [20], while for continuous modes such networks are still under development. Here, we present two networks for the realization of the continuous class-B and continuous class-F modes in MMIC PAs.…”

Section: Broadband Harmonic Matching Network a Considerations Fmentioning

confidence: 99%

Design of Highly Linear Broadband Continuous Mode GaN MMIC Power Amplifiers for 5G

2019

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In this paper, we present a design approach for broadband harmonic-tuned monolithic microwave integrated circuit (MMIC) power amplifiers (PAs). Two harmonic matching networks are proposed for the realization of continuous class-B and class-F modes in an integrated PA. A design procedure is developed for integrated PAs using these matching networks to achieve high linearity, broadband operation, and compact chip area, in the presence of parasitic components and the physical limitations of the MMIC process. Two proof-of-concept fully integrated PAs are implemented in a 0.25-µm GaN-on-SiC process. Output power of 34.2-36.4 dBm with 40% to 49% power-added efficiency (PAE) is achieved in 4.2-7.0 GHz (51.6% fractional bandwidth), from the continuous class-B PA with only 1.5-mm 2 chip area. Furthermore, the continuous class-F PA achieves 36.2 dBm output power and 52% PAE at 5.0 GHz. The PAs are also characterized using QAM signals with wide bandwidth, in order to evaluate their performance for 5G wireless applications. For a 64-QAM signal with 100-MHz bandwidth and 8 dB peak-to-average power ratio (PAPR), the continuous class-B PA achieves 29.3 dBm average output power, 28% average PAE, and −25 dB (5.5%) error vector magnitude (EVM). The continuous class-F PA, tested using a 200 MHz 256 QAM signal with 8.5 dB PAPR, provides an average output power of 28.5 dBm, average PAE of 27%, and −28 dB (4%) EVM, without any pre-distortion. INDEX TERMS 5G, broadband amplifier, continuous mode, GaN, harmonic tuned, monolithic microwave integrated circuit (MMIC), power amplifier (PA).

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Section: Broadband Harmonic Matching Network a Considerations Fmentioning

confidence: 99%

Design of Highly Linear Broadband Continuous Mode GaN MMIC Power Amplifiers for 5G

2019

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“…To avoid wasting excessive power resources, highly efficient amplification architectures based on dynamic load or dynamic supply modulation have been proposed in the literature. Some of the most popular solutions are envelope tracking PAs [1], Doherty PAs [2], [3], load modulated balanced amplifiers (LMBA) [4], [5] and LINC or outphasing PAs [6], [7]. In each case, these highly efficient topologies require the use of digital predistortion (DPD) linearization to guarantee the stringent linearity requirements of today's systems, especially with the increasing signal bandwidth.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Reconfigurable DPD Based on ANNs for Wideband Load Modulated Balanced Amplifiers Under Dynamic Operation From 1.8 to 2.4 GHz

Guillena

Montoro

et al. 2022

IEEE Trans. Microwave Theory Techn.

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This paper proposes a methodology to ensure linear amplification of a load modulated balanced amplifier (LMBA) while keeping the power efficiency as high as possible over a frequency band ranging from 1.8 to 2.4 GHz and where the transmitted signals can present different bandwidth configurations. The proposed reconfigurable linearization methodology consists of, in a first step, tuning some free-parameters (with dependence on the signal bandwidth and frequency of operation) of the load modulated balanced amplifier (LMBA) to trade-off linearity and power efficiency. In a second step, two multi-purpose adaptive digital predistortion (DPD) linearizers are considered, properly combined with crest factor reduction (CFR) techniques, to meet the required linearity specifications. Either a DPD based on artificial neural networks or a DPD based on polynomials can be selected taking into account the compromise between computational complexity and linearization performance. Experimental results will validate the proposed methodology to guarantee the linearity levels (ACPR<-45 dBc and EVM<1%) with high power efficiency in an LMBA under dynamic transmission, where both the signal bandwidth (from 20 MHz and up to 200 MHz instantaneous bandwidth) and frequency of operation (in the range of 1.8 to 2.4 GHz) change.Index Terms-artificial neural network (ANN), digital predistortion (DPD), load-modulated balanced amplifiers (LMBA), power efficiency.

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“…One of the solutions most commonly used by industry is the Doherty PA [ 1 ]. Alternatively, other dynamic load modulation approaches such as load modulated balanced amplifiers (LMBA) [ 2 ], LINC or outphasing PAs [ 3 ] have also been proposed. A different approach based on dynamic supply modulation, such envelope tracking PAs [ 4 ], has been adopted by the industry but mainly for mobile terminals.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Comparison of Feature Selection Techniques for Power Amplifier Behavioral Modeling and Digital Predistortion Linearization

Barry

Becerra

et al. 2021

Sensors

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The power amplifier (PA) is the most critical subsystem in terms of linearity and power efficiency. Digital predistortion (DPD) is commonly used to mitigate nonlinearities while the PA operates at levels close to saturation, where the device presents its highest power efficiency. Since the DPD is generally based on Volterra series models, its number of coefficients is high, producing ill-conditioned and over-fitted estimations. Recently, a plethora of techniques have been independently proposed for reducing their dimensionality. This paper is devoted to presenting a fair benchmark of the most relevant order reduction techniques present in the literature categorized by the following: (i) greedy pursuits, including Orthogonal Matching Pursuit (OMP), Doubly Orthogonal Matching Pursuit (DOMP), Subspace Pursuit (SP) and Random Forest (RF); (ii) regularization techniques, including ridge regression and least absolute shrinkage and selection operator (LASSO); (iii) heuristic local search methods, including hill climbing (HC) and dynamic model sizing (DMS); and (iv) global probabilistic optimization algorithms, including simulated annealing (SA), genetic algorithms (GA) and adaptive Lipschitz optimization (adaLIPO). The comparison is carried out with modeling and linearization performance and in terms of runtime. The results show that greedy pursuits, particularly the DOMP, provide the best trade-off between execution time and linearization robustness against dimensionality reduction.

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Microwave Class-E Power Amplifiers: A Brief Review of Essential Concepts in High-Frequency Class-E PAs and Related Circuits

Cited by 20 publications

References 40 publications

Design of Highly Linear Broadband Continuous Mode GaN MMIC Power Amplifiers for 5G

Design of Highly Linear Broadband Continuous Mode GaN MMIC Power Amplifiers for 5G

Reconfigurable DPD Based on ANNs for Wideband Load Modulated Balanced Amplifiers Under Dynamic Operation From 1.8 to 2.4 GHz

Comparison of Feature Selection Techniques for Power Amplifier Behavioral Modeling and Digital Predistortion Linearization

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