Microwave chemistry, recent advancements, and eco-friendly microwave-assisted synthesis of nanoarchitectures and their applications: a review

Kumar, Anuj; Kuang, Yun; Liang, Zheng; Sun, Xiaoming

doi:10.1016/j.mtnano.2020.100076

Cited by 178 publications

(102 citation statements)

References 129 publications

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“…Typically, there is a reduction of reaction times from hours to minutes as MWs reduce the activation barrier energy [6,68] Homogeneous products: volumetric heating results in homogeneous synthesis and well defined final products [69] Better properties: materials with smaller particle size, narrow particle size distribution, high purity, and enhanced physicochemical properties have been reported [70] …”

Section: General Notions Of Microwave‐assisted Synthesismentioning

confidence: 99%

Microwave‐Assisted Synthesis of Covalent Organic Frameworks: A Review

et al. 2020

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Covalent organic frameworks (COFs) are relatively recent materials. They have received great attention due to their interesting properties. However, the application of microwaves in their synthesis, despite its advantages such as faster and more reproducible processes, is a minority. Herein, a comprehensive compilation of the research results published in the microwave‐assisted synthesis (MAS) of COFs is presented. This review includes articles of 2D and 3D COFs prepared using microwaves as source of energy. The articles have been classified depending on the functional groups including boronate ester, imines, enamines, azines, and triazines, among others. It compiles the main parameters of synthesis and characteristics of the materials together with some general issues related with COFs and microwaves. Additionally, current and future perspectives of the topic have been discussed.

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Section: General Notions Of Microwave‐assisted Synthesismentioning

confidence: 99%

Microwave‐Assisted Synthesis of Covalent Organic Frameworks: A Review

et al. 2020

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“… Shorter time of apparatus start-up. A green chemistry approach [ 475 , 476 , 477 , 478 , 479 , 480 ]. …”

Section: Microwave Heatingmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…medical waste, garbage, sludge) [ 447 ]; medical applications (np. sterilisation, drying, diagnosis, novel methods for treating inoperable tumours) [ 447 , 484 ]; analytical chemistry (laboratory sample processing, ashing, digestion, extraction, moisture analysis) [ 432 , 485 ]; chemical reactions: organic and inorganic synthesis (microwave assisted synthesis of e.g., medications, polymers and nanomaterials) [ 406 , 407 , 429 , 430 , 431 , 432 , 433 , 434 , 435 , 436 , 437 , 438 , 439 , 440 , 441 , 442 , 443 , 444 , 447 , 455 , 475 , 476 , 477 , 478 , 479 , 480 , 486 , 487 , 488 , 489 , 490 , 491 , 492 , 493 , 494 , 495 ]. …”

Section: Microwave Heatingmentioning

confidence: 99%

A Review of Microwave Synthesis of Zinc Oxide Nanomaterials: Reactants, Process Parameters and Morphologies

2020

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Zinc oxide (ZnO) is a multifunctional material due to its exceptional physicochemical properties and broad usefulness. The special properties resulting from the reduction of the material size from the macro scale to the nano scale has made the application of ZnO nanomaterials (ZnO NMs) more popular in numerous consumer products. In recent years, particular attention has been drawn to the development of various methods of ZnO NMs synthesis, which above all meet the requirements of the green chemistry approach. The application of the microwave heating technology when obtaining ZnO NMs enables the development of new methods of syntheses, which are characterised by, among others, the possibility to control the properties, repeatability, reproducibility, short synthesis duration, low price, purity, and fulfilment of the eco-friendly approach criterion. The dynamic development of materials engineering is the reason why it is necessary to obtain ZnO NMs with strictly defined properties. The present review aims to discuss the state of the art regarding the microwave synthesis of undoped and doped ZnO NMs. The first part of the review presents the properties of ZnO and new applications of ZnO NMs. Subsequently, the properties of microwave heating are discussed and compared with conventional heating and areas of application are presented. The final part of the paper presents reactants, parameters of processes, and the morphology of products, with a division of the microwave synthesis of ZnO NMs into three primary groups, namely hydrothermal, solvothermal, and hybrid methods.

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“…Various morphologies including nanoparticles (Cao et al, 2008;Jiang and Zhu, 2007), nanosheets (Shi et al, 2008;Li et al, 2010), films (Li et al, 2006), nanowires (Yu et al, 2004), hollow nanospheres (Li et al, 2006), and nanorods/nanotubes (Prieto et al, 2001, Zhao et al, 2005Xiao et al, 2007;Li et al, 2009) have been reported. Microwave (MW)-assisted heating has been demonstrated to be practical for the synthesis of binary and ternary TE nanomaterial compositions directly in the solution phase (Kumar et al, 2020;Hamawandi et al, 2020a;Hamawandi et al, 2020b), without needing further processing. Reactions that have lasted several hours to days have been realized in a fraction of the time using MW-assisted heating.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

A Comparative Study on the Thermoelectric Properties of Bismuth Chalcogenide Alloys Synthesized through Mechanochemical Alloying and Microwave-Assisted Solution Synthesis Routes

et al. 2020

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The way a material is synthesized and processed has an immense effect on its microstructure, which in turn has a big impact on its transport properties. Here, we compare the thermoelectric (TE) properties of n-and p-type Bi 2−x Sb x Te 3 (x: 0 and 1.5) materials synthesized through two different routes, specifically mechanochemical alloying (MA)-as a solid-state synthesis route-and microwave(MW)-assisted polyol synthesis-as a solution synthesis route. Reaction time is significantly reduced in the MW synthesis, leading to significantly lower energy consumption (i.e., higher energy efficiency) per batch than using the MA route. The resultant materials are compared for their crystallinity, phase purity, morphology, and microstructure. Spark plasma sintering was used to prepare pellets, and the resultant consolidates were evaluated for their transport properties. TE properties and microstructure of the specimens were investigated in relation to processing conditions and composition. MA samples formed fused structures (from 200 nm to several micrometers in size) composed of smaller particles. MWsynthesized materials exhibited hexagonal platelet morphology, high crystallinity, and phase purity. They also showed lower thermal conductivity, leading to a higher resultant TE figure-of-merit ZT. TE properties of Bi 2−x Sb x Te 3 samples were studied on sintered cylindrical pellet samples, where the highest ZT values achieved were 1.04 (at 440 K) for MW-Bi 2 Te 3 and 0.76 (at 523 K) for MW-Bi 0.5 Sb 1.5 Te 3 samples, while MA-Bi 2 Te 3 and MA-Bi 0.5 Sb 1.5 Te 3 samples showed maximum ZT values of 0.74 (at 460 K) and 0.27 (at 300 K), respectively, as n-and p-type TE materials. The observed trend is much higher ZT values for MW samples, ascribed to their higher degree of texturing and nanostructured grains reducing the thermal conductivity, thus achieving a better overall performance, verifying the prospect to enhance ZT using MW-assisted solution synthesis approach.

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Microwave chemistry, recent advancements, and eco-friendly microwave-assisted synthesis of nanoarchitectures and their applications: a review

Cited by 178 publications

References 129 publications

Microwave‐Assisted Synthesis of Covalent Organic Frameworks: A Review

Microwave‐Assisted Synthesis of Covalent Organic Frameworks: A Review

A Review of Microwave Synthesis of Zinc Oxide Nanomaterials: Reactants, Process Parameters and Morphologies

A Comparative Study on the Thermoelectric Properties of Bismuth Chalcogenide Alloys Synthesized through Mechanochemical Alloying and Microwave-Assisted Solution Synthesis Routes

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