Microwave catalytic co-pyrolysis of Chlorella vulgaris and high density polyethylene over activated carbon supported monometallic: Characteristics and bio-oil analysis

Graphene-Encapsulated Transition Metal@N/C Catalysts for Catalytic Copyrolysis of Biomass and Waste Plastics: Production of Linear α-Olefins and Aromatics

“…Similarly, the WS and HDPE copyrolysis process exhibited complex synergy parameters for the Mn, Ni, and Zn@N-GrO catalysts. Previous reports , demonstrated that the use of catalysts showed a strong positive synergy intensity for the production of aromatic and aliphatic hydrocarbons. Among the metal-impregnated catalysts, Mn–N-GrO offered favorable conditions and produced the highest cooperative synergism parameters of 98 and 74.35% for aromatics for the 50:50 and 75:25 feed composition ratio.…”

“…The Zn-modified catalysts followed a similar trend, with high positive synergy indexes of 65.57 and 61.07% for 50:50 and 75:25 feed coreactants. The active metal sites and medium basicity facilitated dehydrogenation, decarbonylation, decarboxylation, demethylation, and oligomerization of biomass-derived bulky oxygenates into aromatics and also improved the Diels–Alder reactions, resulting in higher yield and selectivity for aromatics formation. ,,, Moreover, the use of catalysts also increased the cohesive synergism for the formation of alkanes and olefins for almost all co-feed conditions.…”

“…50,52 The synergistic interaction between the metals and N-doped RGrO improved dehydration reactions for the transformation of alcohols to olefins. 26,79 Thus, the catalytic copyrolysis process observed less alcohol content.…”

“…Various transition metals are also used to decorate the surface of the carbon matrix to enhance the catalytic activity for the selective production of aromatics. Chen et al used Ce, Fe, and Ni in AC in the microwave copyrolysis of Chlorella vulgaris with HDPE and found that the Fe-loaded catalyst yielded more aromatics . Similarly, Luo et al studied monometallic (Co, Cu, Ni, Fe)- and bimetallic (Ni/Co, Ni/Cu, Ni/Fe)-loaded AC effect on the copyrolysis of Chinese herb residue with PP and reported that the bimetal-loaded catalyst was very effective in improving the gas yield and the quality of bio-oil .…”

“…The first-row transition metals (Mn, Ni, and Zn) were chosen for this study due to their abundance, affordability, and nontoxicity. They have been extensively investigated for their ability to selectively enhance deoxygenation, hydrodeoxygenation, and dehydroaromatization reactions, which are crucial for the refinement of biofuels. ,, The synthesized catalysts were characterized using transmission electron microscopy (HR-TEM), Fourier-transform infrared spectroscopy (FT-IR), X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy (XPS), Raman spectroscopy, X-ray diffraction (XRD), Brunauer–Emmett–Teller (BET), and CO 2 -TPD and H 2 -TPR. The effects of Mn, Ni, and Zn loadings and various feedstock mass ratios on the product chemical compositions were probed using an analytical pyrolysis–gas chromatography–mass spectrometry (Py-GC/MS) unit.…”