“…Several methods were used to measure NO, including Griess test [ 24 , 25 ], chemiluminescence [ 26 ], electron spin resonance (ESR) [ 27 , 28 ], fluorescent probe [ 29 , 30 ] and electrochemical sensing [ 31 , 32 ]. Apart from these, waveguide microwave sensors are also utilized for the detection of nitrogen oxides due to their simplicity, low cost, passive and non-contact operations [ 33 , 34 ]. The determination of NO in biological samples imposes a number of special requirements on sensor devices, such as low price, simple sample preparation, small size and a low detection limit of about 10 ppb.…”