Microwave-Assisted Synthesis of Stretchable and Transparent Poly(Ethyleneglycol-Sebacate) Elastomers with Autonomous Self-Healing and Capacitive Properties

Günal, Gülçin; Okan, Meltem; Gökcen, Dinçer; Çaykara, Tuncer; Aydin, Halil Murat

doi:10.1089/soro.2019.0148

Cited by 3 publications

(4 citation statements)

References 28 publications

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“…Considering the biocompatible and biodegradable features, the reported e-skin was promising to find potential applications in skin-attachable electronics and implantable medical platforms. Recently, Gunal et al [111] prepared transparent and stretchable poly(ethylene glycol-sebacate) elastomers with capacitive and self-healing characteristics that could be used in wearable sensors, tactile sensors, and soft electronics. The US Food and Drug Administration (FDA) has approved the use of biocompatible and biodegradable sebacic acid (SA) and poly(ethylene glycol) diglycidyl ether (PEGDGE) for the preparation of this elastomeric material.…”

Section: Capacitancementioning

confidence: 99%

Advances in Biodegradable Electronic Skin: Material Progress and Recent Applications in Sensing, Robotics, and Human–Machine Interfaces

et al. 2022

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The signals generated by these stimuli are transferred to the central neural network and brain to provide an appropriate response. In addition, biological skin possesses unique characteristics, such as stretchability, self-healing ability, and mechanical toughness. [1][2][3] It also provides an effective barrier against ambient elements such as chemicals, gases, radiation, and external biological agents.Electronic skin (e-skin) is an artificial smart skin composed of various electronic sensors distributed on a single uniform surface or stacked on multiple surfaces. It mimics some of the biological skin senses and provides a promising sensing platform for key application areas such as wearable sensors, robotics, and prosthetics (Figure 1). [1,[4][5][6][7][8][9][10][11] However, serious concerns have arisen regarding the production of electronic waste (e-waste), the influence of e-skin on human health, the safety of wearable electronic devices, costs, and environmental limitations. These concerns have encouraged researchers to develop biocompatible, renewable, sustainable, and biodegradable flexible wearable detection devices and biosensing platforms. [12][13][14][15][16] Biological skin regularly regenerates the old superficial layer of the epidermis with new skin cells during the healing process. Inspired by this natural degradation cycle, artificial biodegradable skin-based electronics should be designed for programmable degradation, in contrast to conventional electronic materials. To achieve this goal, the development of biocompatible, environmentally friendly electronic systems that can be used for the fabrication of biodegradable and sustainable e-skins is important.Various low-cost, nontoxic, renewable, and natural substances and polymer-based materials that can be applied to the development of sustainable, biodegradable e-skins and alleviate the environmental and health risks of e-waste materials are available. [17][18][19][20][21][22] E-waste disrupts the biological activity of microbial enzymes and their metabolisms, which decreases the resistance and the diversity of soil-based microbial communities. [23] In addition, in the human body, the accumulation of metals and metalloids used in the fabrication of conventional electronics can cause a range of biophysical malfunctions and diseases, such as liver damage by Cu, behavioral disorders by Pb, and lung cancer and kidney damage by Cd. [24][25][26][27] The rapid growth of the electronics industry and proliferation of electronic materials and telecommunications technologies has led to the release of a massive amount of untreated electronic waste (e-waste) into the environment. Consequently, catastrophic environmental damage at the microbiome level and serious human health diseases threaten the natural fate of the planet. Currently, the demand for wearable electronics for applications in personalized medicine, electronic skins (e-skins), and health monitoring is substantial and growing. Therefore, "green" characteristics such as biodegradability, self-healin...

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Section: Capacitancementioning

confidence: 99%

Advances in Biodegradable Electronic Skin: Material Progress and Recent Applications in Sensing, Robotics, and Human–Machine Interfaces

et al. 2022

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“…Gunal et al polymerized sebacic acid (SA) with diglycidyl ether-modified polyethylene glycol (PEGDGE) under microwave irradiation and then crosslinked in vacuum at 150 °C to obtain a self-healing elastomer with capacitance properties. [103] Figure 4. a) The schematic diagram shows the synthetic method of the polymer and the corresponding interaction between the composite polymers. Reproduced with permission.…”

Section: Self-healing Elastomer Flexible Sensormentioning

confidence: 99%

“…polymerized sebacic acid (SA) with diglycidyl ether‐modified polyethylene glycol (PEGDGE) under microwave irradiation and then crosslinked in vacuum at 150 °C to obtain a self‐healing elastomer with capacitance properties. [ 103 ]…”

Section: Self‐healing Elastomer Flexible Sensormentioning

confidence: 99%

Flexible Self‐Repairing Materials for Wearable Sensing Applications: Elastomers and Hydrogels

Zhou

Dong

et al. 2020

Macromol. Rapid Commun.

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related operations, and destroy the operation of the whole equipment (system). Bao and his colleagues developed a novel self-healing and mechanical force-sensing flexible sensor using micro-structured elastomeric dielectrics, which served as a foundation to improve the stability and lifetime of flexible sensors. [8] Self-healing flexible materials can be divided into two categories, one is solvent-less or water-free after curing and high degree of polymerization of elastomers, such as polyamide, polyurethane, etc., the other is hydrogels, low degree of polymerization, structural cross-linking. In self-healing flexible elastomer sensors, the structure of elastomer is mostly linear structure or semi-cross-linked structure; the elastomer of cross-linked structure is poor flexibility and fragile due to its high degree of polymerization. The elasticity of semi-crosslinked structure has excellent resilience and great potential in the field of flexible flexural sensors. In the past two years, self-healing flexible hydrogels have attracted extensive attention due to their excellent stretchability and resilience, as well as outstanding performance in the preparation of sensors with high sensitivity and fast response. [9,10] Sensors with elastomers and hydrogels as flexible matrices face great difficulties in conductivity, which affects the sensitivity and stability of the sensors. Filling conductive materials is the most commonly method, in which organic conductive polymers (polyaniline, [11] polypyrrole [12]) are filled to construct conductive networks, and good interfacial compatibility results in uniform conductive polymer elastomers, but the inherent color fillers affect the transparency of flexible sensors, limiting their applications in the biomedical field. [13-17] Flexible materials filled with inorganic conductive particles (graphene, nano-silver wire) have high conductivity, but phase separation between filler and matrix usually reduces the tensile, toughness and fatigue resistance, and even affects the self-healing ability of flexible materials. Modified fillers are often required to improve affinity for flexible matrices and inhibit phase separation. However, many hydrogel matrices are intrinsically weak and cannot withstand cyclic loadings. [18] Although surface modified fillers can improve strength and toughness, it is difficult to compensate for the inherent weaknesses. For self-healing flexible elastomers, conductive flexible materials can still be endowed with conductivity by scraping or printing conductive particles on the Flexible pressure and strain sensors have great potential for applications in wearable and implantable devices, soft robots, and artificial skin. The introduction of self-healing performance has made a positive contribution to the lifetime and stability of flexible sensors. At present, many self-healing flexible sensors with high sensitivity have been developed to detect the signal of organism activity. The sensitivity, reliability, and stability of self-healing flexible sensors depend...

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“…To adapt to harsh working environments, self-healing flexible sensors have been proposed in different fields. According to the matrix material composition, self-healing flexible sensors can be divided into self-healing flexible elastomer sensors [24][25][26][27][28][29][30][31][32][33] and self-healing flexible hydrogel sensors [34][35][36][37][38][39][40][41][42].…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Self-Healing Mechanism and Conductivity of the Hydrogel Flexible Sensors: A Review

Zhang

Wang

Wei

et al. 2021

Gels

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Sensors are devices that can capture changes in environmental parameters and convert them into electrical signals to output, which are widely used in all aspects of life. Flexible sensors, sensors made of flexible materials, not only overcome the limitations of the environment on detection devices but also expand the application of sensors in human health and biomedicine. Conductivity and flexibility are the most important parameters for flexible sensors, and hydrogels are currently considered to be an ideal matrix material due to their excellent flexibility and biocompatibility. In particular, compared with flexible sensors based on elastomers with a high modulus, the hydrogel sensor has better stretchability and can be tightly attached to the surface of objects. However, for hydrogel sensors, a poor mechanical lifetime is always an issue. To address this challenge, a self-healing hydrogel has been proposed. Currently, a large number of studies on the self-healing property have been performed, and numerous exciting results have been obtained, but there are few detailed reviews focusing on the self-healing mechanism and conductivity of hydrogel flexible sensors. This paper presents an overview of self-healing hydrogel flexible sensors, focusing on their self-healing mechanism and conductivity. Moreover, the advantages and disadvantages of different types of sensors have been summarized and discussed. Finally, the key issues and challenges for self-healing flexible sensors are also identified and discussed along with recommendations for the future.

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Microwave-Assisted Synthesis of Stretchable and Transparent Poly(Ethyleneglycol-Sebacate) Elastomers with Autonomous Self-Healing and Capacitive Properties

Cited by 3 publications

References 28 publications

Advances in Biodegradable Electronic Skin: Material Progress and Recent Applications in Sensing, Robotics, and Human–Machine Interfaces

Advances in Biodegradable Electronic Skin: Material Progress and Recent Applications in Sensing, Robotics, and Human–Machine Interfaces

Flexible Self‐Repairing Materials for Wearable Sensing Applications: Elastomers and Hydrogels

Self-Healing Mechanism and Conductivity of the Hydrogel Flexible Sensors: A Review

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