Microwave assisted sol–gel synthesis of tetragonal zirconia nanoparticles

Enhanced photocatalytic degradation of methylene blue by ZnO-reduced graphene oxide composite synthesized via microwave-assisted reaction

“…Microwave irradiation can heat the reactant to a high temperature in a short time by transferring energy selectively to microwave absorbing polar solvents. Thus it can facilitate mass production in a short time with little energy cost [42][43][44][45] and form an intimate contact between ZnO and RGO [46,47]. Here ZnO-RGO is selected to study because ZnO has higher photocatalytic efficiencies, faster degradation rates and lower cost than TiO 2 in removal of most of dyes [48][49][50].…”

Template-free solvothermal synthesis of size-controlled yttria-stabilized-zirconia hollow spheres

“…Yttria-stabilized-zirconia (YSZ) is widely used as a catalyst, in oxygen sensors, and as the electrolyte in solid oxide fuel cells, among other applications, because of its excellent properties of low thermal conductivity, high ionic conductivity, high corrosion resistance and high refractive index [4][5][6][7]. As to zirconia and doped zirconia materials, many kinds of morphologies have been fabricated, such as nanoparticles [8], nanospheres [9], nanobelts [10], nanowires [11,12], nanotubes [13], flake-like structure [14], mesoporous structures [15], hollow structures [16][17][18][19], and etc.…”

Heat-stimulated transformation of zirconium dioxide nanocrystals produced under hydrothermal conditions

“…Many publications (see, e.g., [1][2][3][4][5][6][7][8][9][10][11][12]) have studied the formation of various structural forms of ZrO 2 nanocrystals and have analyzed the reasons for the relatively high stability of the thermodynamically non-equilibrium modifications in nanocrystalline zirconium dioxide at relatively low temperatures. Publications [1][2][3] link this peculiarity of zirconium dioxide nanocrystals to a dimensional effect.…”

“…Publications [1][2][3] link this peculiarity of zirconium dioxide nanocrystals to a dimensional effect. Publications [4][5][6][7][8][9][10][11][12] examined the impact of the methods and parameters of ZrO 2 nanocrystal synthesis on their structure, morphology and properties. Studies on the mechanism for nanocrystalline zirconium dioxide formation [4,5,14,15] and its behavior during heating [3,7,16] indicated that a more detailed analysis was needed of the impact of the reaction system prehistory on the process of ZrO 2 nanoparticle crystallisation.…”

“…The authors of publications [19,20] attribute the exothermic effect to oxidation of carbon-containing compounds because nanocrystalline ZrO 2 was produced using zirconium oxalate, butanediol or other organic reagents. Publications [4,5,7,8,16,[21][22][23][24][25][26][27] explain the stabilization of the tetragonal (pseudo-cubic) modification of zirconium dioxide in the low-temperature range by the inclusion of water into the nanoparticle structure, while removal of water during heating initiates a structural rearrangement, accompanied by an exothermic effect.…”