Microwave-assisted extraction of Irgarol 1051 and its main degradation product from marine sediments using water as the extractant followed by gas chromatography–mass spectrometry determination

Fate of Irgarol 1051, diuron and their main metabolites in two UK marine systems after restrictions in antifouling paints

“…The limits of detection (LODs) were found to be 0.5 and 3.1 ng L -1 for 1 and Irgarol 1051, respectively. Sediment samples for the determination of Irgarol 1051 and M1 were extracted using microwave-assisted extraction as described previously (Gatidou et al, 2004b). Briefly, 3 g of marine sediment spiked with 100 ng of internal standard were extracted with 30 mL of water at 115°C for 10 min using a MARS-X microwave accelerated extraction system.…”

“…The LODs of the compounds ranged between 1.7 (DCPU) and 4.0 (DCPMU) ng g -1 (dry weight). Sample extracts were analysed for Irgarol 1051 and M1 using gas chromatograph-mass spectrometry (GC-MS) as described previously (Gatidou et al, 2004b), and for ureas and DCA using high performance liquid chromatography-diode array detection (HPLC-DAD) as described by Gatidou et al (2004a).…”

Evaluation of Antifouling Booster Biocides in Marine Water and Sediments Based on Mass Spectrometric Techniques

“…A solvent evaporation step is not required, so the aqueous extract obtained can be pre-concentrated by a SPE procedure. Mean recoveries obtained with this procedure are higher than 80% and precision, lower than 40%, indicating the suitability of its use for the extraction of Irgarol 1051 and M1 [25].…”

“…In addition to the common use of SPE, examples of current techniques applied are solid-phase microextraction (SPME), which is a simple procedure, inexpensive, efficient and no solvent for sample preparation is necessary, [21,22] as well as solvent microextraction (SME) [23] and headspace solid-phase microextraction (HS-SPME) [24] for the analysis of booster biocides. Similar goals have led to the application of new extraction techniques for sediment samples, including microwave-assisted extraction (MAE) [25], supercritical fluid extraction (SFE), or SPME [26], as an alternative to traditional extraction methods such as ultrasonication.…”

“…(SPME, MAE, SFE, soxhlet or LLE previous sonication) is typically at the µg L -1 level (0.5-8 ppb) [25,26,35,38].…”