Microwave-Assisted Extraction of Cannabinoids in Hemp Nut Using Response Surface Methodology: Optimization and Comparative Study

Chang, Chir-Weei; Yen, Chih‐Feng; Wu, Ming-Tsang; Hsu, Mei‐Chich; Wu, Yu‐Tse

doi:10.3390/molecules22111894

Cited by 41 publications

(34 citation statements)

References 30 publications

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“…The content of HSYA was higher than that of AHSYB in the safflower extract. The extraction processes employed in traditional Chinese medicine include the decoction method, dipping method, percolation method, heating reflux method, and the steam distillation method, among others [18]. Ultrasonic extraction is a method that can accelerate the release, diffusion, and dissolution of effective substances in cells using ultrasonic cavitation, as well as mechanical and thermal effects [19].…”

Section: Hplc Analysis Of Hsya and Ahsybmentioning

confidence: 99%

Simultaneous Optimization of the Ultrasonic Extraction Method and Determination of the Antioxidant Activities of Hydroxysafflor Yellow A and Anhydrosafflor Yellow B from Safflower Using a Response Surface Methodology

Zhang

Jin

et al. 2020

Molecules

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An evaluation of the ultrasonic extraction process and the antioxidant activities of hydroxysafflor yellow A (HSYA) and anhydrosafflor yellow B (AHSYB) from safflower are presented herein. Using response surface methodology (RSM), based on a four-factor-three-level Box–Behnken design (BBD), the extraction parameters, namely, temperature, extraction time, solvent-to-material ratio, and extraction power, were optimized for maximizing the yields of HSYA and AHSYB. The maximum yield was obtained at a temperature of 66 °C with an extraction time of 36 min, solvent-to-material ratio of 16 mL/g, and the extraction power of 150 W, which was adjusted according to the actual conditions. The HSYA and AHSYB contents were determined using high performance liquid chromatography (HPLC). The yield and the comprehensive evaluation value of HSYA and AHSYB were calculated. The antioxidant activities of the extracts were determined using a ferric reducing antioxidant power (FRAP) kit and 1,1-diphenyl-2-picrylhydrazyl (DPPH) radical scavenging activity. The results suggested that the safflower extracts possessed obvious ferric reducing and DPPH radical scavenging activities. The antioxidant activity increased with increasing concentration. The results suggested that optimizing the conditions of ultrasonic extraction using RSM can significantly increase the yields of HSYA and AHSYB from safflower. The safflower extracts showed better antioxidant activity. This study can encourage future research on cardiovascular and cerebrovascular diseases.

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Section: Hplc Analysis Of Hsya and Ahsybmentioning

confidence: 99%

Simultaneous Optimization of the Ultrasonic Extraction Method and Determination of the Antioxidant Activities of Hydroxysafflor Yellow A and Anhydrosafflor Yellow B from Safflower Using a Response Surface Methodology

Zhang

Jin

et al. 2020

Molecules

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“…Nonetheless, heating is required during the process to decarboxylate all the acid forms to their analogues. Further, there is the latest research about microwave-assisted extraction of cannabinoids from Hemp [9, 14,17,19]. Nowadays, finding sustainable energy resources is one of the top priorities.…”

Section: Tetrahydrocannabinol (δ9-thc) [4]mentioning

confidence: 99%

“…Besides, substantial cell rupturing occurring in the microstructure of hemp nut, indicate improved dissolution of target compounds during the extraction process when using the MAE process. This makes the method a rapid, economical and environmentally friendly extraction method that is both effective and practical for industrial applications [19]. Incidentally, it is, just as with all other extraction processes, necessary to optimize the procedure, such as with compatible extraction processes like Response surface methodology (RSM) which is a statistical and mathematical technique for developing, improving, and optimizing the design process [58].…”

Section: Microwave-assisted Extraction (Mae)mentioning

confidence: 99%

“…As the extraction process is only assisted by the use of microwaves, a suitable extraction solvent has to be applied. As researches from [19] show, Methanol with its good abilities in absorbing microwaves, being highly efficient in converting microwaves into heat, having a strong ability to dissolve the analytes of interest, being highly interactivity with the matrix, and being highly selectivity toward the analytes, and low selectivity toward unwanted matrix components seems to be the best solvent over Acetonitrile, Ethanol, Isopropanol, and Ethyl acetate. Even though, all listed solvents are utilizable.…”

Section: Microwave-assisted Extraction (Mae)mentioning

confidence: 99%

“…Factors like the temperature, the microwave power and the extraction time are withal likely to influence the yields of Cannabinoids [19].…”

Section: Optimizing the Processmentioning

confidence: 99%

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Cannabis, the Plant of the Unlimited Possibilities

Dölle

Kurzmann

2019

AIR

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This review paper gives an overview of Cannabis Sativa, also known as hemp, which has been cultivated and used century's B.C. due to its medical, hallucinogenic and agricultural properties. Cannabis has been described in 1938 as the billion-dollar plant but has lost its value in the U.S. due to regulatory and legislative issues. Hemp has seen as new push In the U.S. with the introduction of the 2018 Farm Bill which allows on a federal level to grow hemp, pending on individual state regulations. Currently, industrial hemp production is allowed in at least 38 U.S. States under strict regulations. Today hemp is used in counties that do not have as strict regulations as the U.S. in a variety of applications such as beauty products, carpets, cooking oil, personal care products and textiles. Hemp can be considered as an alternative feedstock due to its low lignin and high cellulose level for biofuel application as an alternative to replace petroleum-based fuels and gases. In the U.S. hemp research in these areas has stalled due to the complexity of the law. Beside industrial application such as ropes, textiles, shoes, etc., hemp today is used in pharmaceutical and medical applications, by extracting Δ9-tetrahydrocannabinol and cannabinoids from the leaves and fluorescence of the hemp plant that contain no more than of up to 0.3% of these compounds. The use of hemp plants with higher levels are strictly forbidden in most countries. Several extraction processes of cannabinoids from hemp are used They all use a solvent for extraction but differ in terms of efficiency, usage range and other factors influencing the extraction. Nonetheless, overconsumption of cannabis products can be associated with several side effects, that can cause serious physiological and psychological damage in the human body may cause serious damage.

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Extraction of naturally occurring cannabinoids: an update

Nahar

Uddin

Alam

et al. 2020

Phytochemical Analysis

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Introduction Organic molecules that interact with the cannabinoid receptors are called cannabinoids, which can be endogenous, natural or synthetic compounds. They possess similar pharmacological properties as produced by the plant, Cannabis sativa L. Before cannabinoids can be analysed, they need to be extracted from the matrices. Objective To review literature on the methods and protocols for the extraction of naturally occurring cannabinoids. Methodology An extensive literature search was performed incorporating several databases, notably, Web of Knowledge, PubMed and Google Scholar, and other relevant published materials. The keywords used in the search, in various combinations, with cannabinoids and extraction being present in all combinations, were Cannabis, hemp, cannabinoids, Cannabis sativa, marijuana, and extraction. Results In addition to classical maceration with organic solvents, e.g. ethanol, pressurised solvent extraction, solvent heat reflux, Soxhlet extraction, supercritical fluid extraction, ultrasound‐assisted extraction and microwave‐assisted extraction, are routinely used nowadays for the extraction of cannabinoids from plant materials and cannabis consumer products. For the extraction of cannabinoids from biological samples, e.g. human blood, and also from food and beverages, and wastewater, solid‐phase extraction and its variants, as well as liquid–liquid extraction are commonly used. Parameters for extraction can be optimised by response surface methodology or other mathematical modelling tools. There are at least six US patents on extraction of cannabinoids available to date. Conclusions Irrespective of the extraction method, extraction temperature, extraction time and extraction pressure play a vital role in overall yield of extraction. Solvent polarity can also be an important factor in some extraction methods.

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Microwave-Assisted Extraction of Cannabinoids in Hemp Nut Using Response Surface Methodology: Optimization and Comparative Study

Cited by 41 publications

References 30 publications

Simultaneous Optimization of the Ultrasonic Extraction Method and Determination of the Antioxidant Activities of Hydroxysafflor Yellow A and Anhydrosafflor Yellow B from Safflower Using a Response Surface Methodology

Simultaneous Optimization of the Ultrasonic Extraction Method and Determination of the Antioxidant Activities of Hydroxysafflor Yellow A and Anhydrosafflor Yellow B from Safflower Using a Response Surface Methodology

Cannabis, the Plant of the Unlimited Possibilities

Extraction of naturally occurring cannabinoids: an update

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