Microwave-assisted catalytic upgrading of co-pyrolysis vapor using HZSM-5 and MCM-41 for bio-oil production: Co-feeding of soapstock and straw in a downdraft reactor

Catalytic Upgrading of Residual Fat Pyrolysis Vapors over Activated Carbon Pellets into Hydrocarbons-like Fuels in a Two-Stage Reactor: Analysis of Hydrocarbons Composition and Physical-Chemistry Properties

“…In recent years, catalytic upgrading of lipid-base pyrolysis vapors over a catalyst fixed bed has been applied as an alternative process to deoxygenate bio-oils volatiles and produce liquid mixtures rich in hydrocarbons with superior transport and physicochemical properties, and the literature reports several studies on the subject [1][2][3][4][5][6][7][8][9][10][11][12][13].…”

“…Most studies on catalytic upgrade focused on the pyrolysis vapors of lipid-base materials including microalgae such as Chlorella vulgaris [1], Chromolaena odorata [2], Jatropha waste [3][4][5][6], soap stock [2,7,8], waste cooking oil [9,10], cottonseed oil dregs [11], tallow kernel oil [12], and castor seed oil [13].…”

“…The pyrolysis vapors of lipid-base materials chemically upgraded over catalyst supports including Ni/Y-zeolite [1], HZSM-5 [2,[6][7][8]10], metal oxide (Ce, Pd, Ru, Ni) impregnated activated carbon [3], oxide-base catalysts [4,5,13] [4], CaO [5,13], ZnO [13], and kaolin [13], MCM-41 [8,12], HZSM-5/MCM-41 [8], metal oxide (Ca, Ce, Zr, Ni, Co) impregnated HZSM-5 (CaO/HZSM-5, CeO 2 /HZSM-5, ZrO 2 /HZSM-5, NiO/HZSM-5, CoO/HZSM-5) [9], metal impregnated (Co, Ni All the studies on catalytic upgrade of pyrolysis vapors from lipid-base materials focused on deoxygenation of bio-oil [1][2][3][4][5][6][7][8][9][10][11][12][13], but emphasis has also been given on the conversion of BTEXN (Benzene, Toluene, Ethyl-benzene, Xylene, Naphthalene) [3,6,9], as well as reaction mechanism/pathway [3,[10][11][12]. The catalytic upgrade of pyrolysis volatiles has been carried out by flash pyrolysis/analytical pyrolysis (Py-GC/MS) [3,4,6], as well as by vacuum pyrolysis [7,9,…”

“…The catalytic upgrade of pyrolysis volatiles has been carried out by flash pyrolysis/analytical pyrolysis (Py-GC/MS) [3,4,6], as well as by vacuum pyrolysis [7,9,11,12], in drop-tube/downdraft reactors [2,[7][8][9]12], fixed-bed reactors [1,2,5,[7][8][9][11][12][13], and fluidized-bed reactors [10]. The catalytic upgrade of pyrolysis vapors was performed at analytical [3,4,6], micro [1,11], and laboratory scales [2,5,[7][8][9][10]12,13]. The catalytic upgrade processes operated in batch [1,3,4,6,13], and continuous mode [2,5,[7][8][9][10][11][12], and only a few studies operated as a two-stage reactor, that is, using a process schema consisting of a thermal cracking reactor coupled ...…”

“…The catalytic upgrade of pyrolysis vapors was performed at analytical [3,4,6], micro [1,11], and laboratory scales [2,5,[7][8][9][10]12,13]. The catalytic upgrade processes operated in batch [1,3,4,6,13], and continuous mode [2,5,[7][8][9][10][11][12], and only a few studies operated as a two-stage reactor, that is, using a process schema consisting of a thermal cracking reactor coupled to a catalyst fixed-bed reactor [2,[7][8][9]12,13].…”