Microwave-assisted catalytic conversion of cellulose into 5-hydroxymethylfurfural in ionic liquids

Production of 5-hydroxymethylfurfural in a eutectic mixture of citric acid and choline chloride and its extractive recovery

“…There are many reports focusing on the optimization of the conditions such as the type of ILs and catalysts for HMF preparation in order to obtain high yields and high concentrations of HMF [12][13][14][15][16][17][18][19][20][21][22]. However, the number of studies primarily focusing on the kinetics of the formation of HMF in ILs is limited [13,14,18,19], and knowledge of the kinetics is presently insufficient to adequately predict the formation of HMF.…”

Selective and recyclable depolymerization of cellulose to levulinic acid catalyzed by acidic ionic liquid

“…Swatloski, Spear, Holbrey, and Rogers (2002) firstly found out [C 4 mim]Cl was able to dissolve up to 25% of cellulose under microwave irradiation, which opened up vast possibilities to biomass utilization, taking advantage of the remarkable designability and functionality of ionic liquids (Welton, 1999). A number of studies have been reported on depolymerization of cellulose using ionic liquids ever since (Amarasekara & Owereh, 2009;Binder & Raines, 2009;Dee & Bell, 2011;Kim et al, 2011;Kuo, Suzuki, Yamauchi, & Wu, 2013;Li & Zhao, 2007;Liu, Zhang, & Zhao, 2013;Rinaldi, Palkovits, & Schüth, 2008;Song, Fan, Ma, & Han, 2013;Su et al, 2009;Tao, Song, & Chou, 2010;Vanoye, Fanselow, Holbrey, Atkins, & Seddon, 2009;Xiong, Zhang, Wang, Liu, & Lin, 2014). Li and Zhao (2007) firstly applied ionic liquids in cellulose conversion towards glucose, where sulphuric acid in [C 4 mim]Cl resulted in a yield of 43% for glucose.…”

Functionalized silica nanoparticles for conversion of fructose to 5-hydroxymethylfurfural

“…[16][17][18][19] Recently, preparation of 5-HMF from disaccharides or polysaccharides such as cellobiose, sucrose, inulin and cellulose has received increasing interest, but hydrolysis-based depolymerisation is necessary before further dehydration to 5-HMF. [20][21][22][23] Therefore, fructose, a simple carbohydrate, has been regarded as an ideal and optimal feedstock for 5-HMF production. Recent years have witnessed a rapid progress in developing catalytic systems for dehydration of fructose into 5-HMF.…”