“…Recently, waves with high robustness against defects have attracted immense attention. , A recent development of these robust structures are photonic topological insulators (PTIs). , Drawn from analogies to their electronic counterparts, PTIs exploit properties of the global topology of their photonic band structure to effectively eliminate backscattering under a wide range of deformations and defects. , PTIs are characterized by a topological invariant defined on the global Brillouin zone (BZ) , or a restricted BZ in valley PTIs at optical , and microwave bands. , Furthermore, it has recently been found that PTIs can even exist in different amorphous systems, such as deformed valley PTIs, amorphous hopping models, amorphous gyroscope-and-spring networks, and disordered Chern PTIs …”