Microtomy: Paraffin and Frozen

Spencer, Lena T.; Bancroft, John D.

doi:10.1016/b978-0-443-10279-0.50014-2

Cited by 15 publications

(8 citation statements)

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“…Strategies for minimizing these artifacts are discussed elsewhere. 3,22,23 Ink-associated artifacts are diagnostically relevant because microscopic identification of ink is a prerequisite for identification of a surgical margin. 12 A pathologist's ability to define a surgical margin is negatively impacted by ink that is absent, ink that has dissected into tissue, or ink that is otherwise in an inappropriate location (i.e., ink present at sites not intended to represent the surgical margin).…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Histologic processing artifacts and inter-pathologist variation in measurement of inked margins of canine mast cell tumors

et al. 2018

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Although quantitative assessment of margins is recommended for describing excision of cutaneous malignancies, there is poor understanding of limitations associated with this technique. We described and quantified histologic artifacts in inked margins and determined the association between artifacts and variance in histologic tumor-free margin (HTFM) measurements based on a novel grading scheme applied to 50 sections of normal canine skin and 56 radial margins taken from 15 different canine mast cell tumors (MCTs). Three broad categories of artifact were 1) tissue deformation at inked edges, 2) ink-associated artifacts, and 3) sectioning-associated artifacts. The most common artifacts in MCT margins were ink-associated artifacts, specifically ink absent from an edge (mean prevalence: 50%) and inappropriate ink coloring (mean: 45%). The prevalence of other artifacts in MCT skin was 4-50%. In MCT margins, frequency-adjusted kappa statistics found fair or better inter-rater reliability for 9 of 10 artifacts; intra-rater reliability was moderate or better in 9 of 10 artifacts. Digital HTFM measurements by 5 blinded pathologists had a median standard deviation (SD) of 1.9 mm (interquartile range: 0.8-3.6 mm; range: 0-6.2 mm). Intraclass correlation coefficients demonstrated good inter-pathologist reliability in HTFM measurement (κ = 0.81). Spearman rank correlation coefficients found negligible correlation between artifacts and HTFM SDs ( r ≤ 0.3). These data confirm that although histologic artifacts commonly occur in inked margin specimens, artifacts are not meaningfully associated with variation in HTFM measurements. Investigators can use the grading scheme presented herein to identify artifacts associated with tissue processing.

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Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Histologic processing artifacts and inter-pathologist variation in measurement of inked margins of canine mast cell tumors

et al. 2018

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“…The time between euthanasia and freezing, and the length of freezing varied between specimens. Slow freezing can damage tissue at a cellular level and result in artefacts (such as discontinuous tissue architecture, cell shrinkage and fluid accumulation) on histological examination and paler staining of tissues with conventional histology stains ( Baraibar & Schoning, 1985 ; Spencer & Bancroft, 2013 ). Immunohistochemical labelling of tissue antigens is less reliable; however, broad tissue types are still identifiable with standard stains ( Baraibar & Schoning, 1985 ).…”

Section: Methodsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Structure, ontogeny and evolution of the patellar tendon in emus (Dromaius novaehollandiae) and other palaeognath birds

Regnault

Pitsillides

Hutchinson

2014

PeerJ

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The patella (kneecap) exhibits multiple evolutionary origins in birds, mammals, and lizards, and is thought to increase the mechanical advantage of the knee extensor muscles. Despite appreciable interest in the specialized anatomy and locomotion of palaeognathous birds (ratites and relatives), the structure, ontogeny and evolution of the patella in these species remains poorly characterized. Within Palaeognathae, the patella has been reported to be either present, absent, or fused with other bones, but it is unclear how much of this variation is real, erroneous or ontogenetic. Clarification of the patella’s form in palaeognaths would provide insight into the early evolution of the patella in birds, in addition to the specialized locomotion of these species. Findings would also provide new character data of use in resolving the controversial evolutionary relationships of palaeognaths. In this study, we examined the gross and histological anatomy of the emu patellar tendon across several age groups from five weeks to 18 months. We combined these results with our observations and those of others regarding the patella in palaeognaths and their outgroups (both extant and extinct), to reconstruct the evolution of the patella in birds. We found no evidence of an ossified patella in emus, but noted its tendon to have a highly unusual morphology comprising large volumes of adipose tissue contained within a collagenous meshwork. The emu patellar tendon also included increasing amounts of a cartilage-like tissue throughout ontogeny. We speculate that the unusual morphology of the patellar tendon in emus results from assimilation of a peri-articular fat pad, and metaplastic formation of cartilage, both potentially as adaptations to increasing tendon load. We corroborate previous observations of a ‘double patella’ in ostriches, but in contrast to some assertions, we find independent (i.e., unfused) ossified patellae in kiwis and tinamous. Our reconstructions suggest a single evolutionary origin of the patella in birds and that the ancestral patella is likely to have been a composite structure comprising a small ossified portion, lost by some species (e.g., emus, moa) but expanded in others (e.g., ostriches).

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“…Post‐fixation processing typically involves alcohol dehydration with subsequent removal of lipids and other alcohol soluble substances, clearing in a hydrocarbon reagent (e.g. xylene), infiltrating and embedding (usually in paraffin wax), microtomy, and mounting on a slide . Processing related changes in tissue dimensions are not necessarily uniform and might be influenced by the completeness of fixation .…”

Section: Technical Limitations Of Histologic Margin Evaluationmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…In some instances, minimizing artifacts can be challenging, particularly where section quality is directly impacted by fixation and tissue composition. This is particularly relevant to inadequately fixed tissues, fatty tissues, mammary gland and tissues rich in mineral and/or keratin . Techniques for improving fixation of problematic tissues have been described elsewhere …”

Section: Technical Limitations Of Histologic Margin Evaluationmentioning

confidence: 99%

Surgical margins in the veterinary cancer patient

Milovancev

Russell

2017

Vet Comparative Oncology

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In veterinary oncologic specimens, histopathology is the gold standard for determining adequacy of excision. Despite limitations of this technique, the pathologist's interpretation of margin status significantly impacts patient management, including indications for adjuvant therapy. This article aims to summarize peer-reviewed literature as it relates to histologic margin evaluation in veterinary cancer patients. The value of histologic tumour-free margins and technical factors influencing histopathologic margin outcomes are also discussed. We review alternative strategies for determining excisional status, and discuss how an evolving understanding of tumour biology might inform clinical and research perspectives on surgical margins. In doing so, we aim to provide context and a stimulus for future investigations into this important yet incompletely understood topic.

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Microtomy: Paraffin and Frozen

Cited by 15 publications

References 0 publications

Histologic processing artifacts and inter-pathologist variation in measurement of inked margins of canine mast cell tumors

Histologic processing artifacts and inter-pathologist variation in measurement of inked margins of canine mast cell tumors

Structure, ontogeny and evolution of the patellar tendon in emus (Dromaius novaehollandiae) and other palaeognath birds

Surgical margins in the veterinary cancer patient

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