Microsurgical Anatomy of the Hypoglossal and C1 Nerves: Description of a Previously Undescribed Branch to the Atlanto-Occipital Joint

Isolated Hypoglossal Nerve Palsy Due to an Osteophyte with Atlantoaxial Dislocation

“…Extracranially, this nerve runs near the internal carotid artery, the vagus and accessory nerves, and communicates to the vagus, first, and second cervical nerves. 1) Damage to any point along this trajectory from the medulla to the lingual muscles causes a hypoglossal nerve palsy, and in the present case, the compression of the hypoglossal nerve at the hypoglossal canal by an osteophyte caused hypoglossal nerve palsy. Because of the anatomical characteristics of the hypoglossal nerve, hypoglossal nerve palsy is usually associated with other cranial nerve palsies (IX, X, and XI) and/or pyramidal signs, 2) and IHP is rare.…”

The Accessory Nerve: A Comprehensive Review of its Anatomy, Development, Variations, Landmarks and Clinical Considerations

“…After passing through the jugular foramen, the accessory nerve trunk enters the neck and lies snugly between the internal carotid artery and the IJV. The common trunk enters the retrostyloid space and then separates once again into fibers derived from spinal and cranial roots (Salgarelli et al, ; Iwanaga et al, ). The cranial roots (internal branches) join the vagus nerve and the spinal roots (external branch) (Fig.…”

Modern clinical and anatomical ideas on the structure and functions of the accessory nerve

“…Проникая через яремное отверстие на шею, ствол ДН располагается вплотную между внутренней сонной артерией и внутренней яремной веной. Общий ствол входит в позадишиловидное пространство, а затем снова разделяется на волокна, образованные из спинномозговых и церебральных корешков [19,38]. Церебральные корешки (внутренние ветви) присоединяются к блуждающему нерву, а спинномозговые корешки (наружные ветви) направляются вперед, располагаясь латеральнее внутренней яремной вены [31].…”