Microsurgery Robots: Applications, Design, and Development

Abstract

Microsurgical techniques have been widely utilized in various surgical specialties, such as ophthalmology, neurosurgery, and otolaryngology, which require intricate and precise surgical tool manipulation on a small scale. In microsurgery, operations on delicate vessels or tissues require high standards in surgeons’ skills. This exceptionally high requirement in skills leads to a steep learning curve and lengthy training before the surgeons can perform microsurgical procedures with quality outcomes. The microsurgery robot (MSR), which can improve surgeons’ operation skills through various functions, has received extensive research attention in the past three decades. There have been many review papers summarizing the research on MSR for specific surgical specialties. However, an in-depth review of the relevant technologies used in MSR systems is limited in the literature. This review details the technical challenges in microsurgery, and systematically summarizes the key technologies in MSR with a developmental perspective from the basic structural mechanism design, to the perception and human–machine interaction methods, and further to the ability in achieving a certain level of autonomy. By presenting and comparing the methods and technologies in this cutting-edge research, this paper aims to provide readers with a comprehensive understanding of the current state of MSR research and identify potential directions for future development in MSR.

Robot-assisted lymphovenous anastomosis surgery for lymphocele in the groin

“…The integration of new technologies in medical practice necessitates a shift in traditional surgical paradigms, demanding openness from all stakeholders involved. 17 Fortunately, our centre has not encountered any difficulties in this area.…”

“…The development of effective training simulators and programmes to ensure surgeons can harness the full potential of these robotic systems without compromising patient safety is essential for a steep learning curve. 17 Our department has made strides in this area by implementing a simulator that facilitates comprehensive training and certification in robotic surgery.…”

“…Additionally, the speed and stability of the wireless network are critical to the seamless operation of robotic systems. 17 …”

Artificial Intelligence (AI)-Robotics Started When Human Capability Reached Limit, Human Creativity Begin Again When the Capability of AI-Robotics Reaches a Plateau

“…Autonomous robots in the research phase have taken various forms and been developed in multiple surgical domains [ 2 ]. The applications in the field of surgery are diverse, ranging from conventional laparoscopic robots to developments in microrobotics for minimally invasive procedures [ 3 ].…”

“…Over the years, various development companies have been involved in the creation of diverse surgical robots, resulting in a wide range of robotic forms. In comparison to the singular form of humans conducting all diagnoses and surgeries, the development of AI and robots is expected to progress towards achieving a level comparable to human doctors by maintaining consistent database analysis methods for AI and adopting standardized structural platforms for robots [ 2 , 3 ].…”